Kachippetu Nannakaiyar’s Songs

The writer's work reflects his society and environment. More than that his imagination and illustrations add beauty to the work. Among the Sangam literary works that sparkle with such beauty is Kurunthogai which contains four-hundred internal hymns. Kachippaettu Nannakaiyar is one of the women in this group. She has sung six songs related to the theme division. This essay examines how her literary style is shaped by the metaphors. The article is approached at four levels. In the first stage, the pathos of Kachippaettu Nannakaiyar are told through six songs. That is to say, her ethos is to prioritize practicality, to express the inherent psychology applicable to all periods, and to deal with natural metaphors as hes ethos. Secondly, it can be seen that her morals are consistent with the traditions of the sect. As a third stage, the woman feels the difference between the feelings of women's and men's separation are clearly explained. That means the songs of Kachippaettu Nannakaiyar are compared to the songs of Perungaduko who sang Palai thinai songs. The fourth stage is about Nannagaiyar who has written two sectarian songs in Kurunthogai. Since the essence of her concept and her name are the same, it is established that these two are one and the same. Analytical, descriptive and comparative research approaches are used in this article

Effectiveness of Intradialytic Stretching Exercises on Reduction of Muscle Cramps among patients undergoing Haemodialysis at Sundaram Hospital, Trichy

The present study focused on reducing the level of muscle cramps of patients undergoing haemodialysis by providing intradialytic stretching exercises during the third and fourth hour of a haemodialysis. Literatures related to the intradialytic stretching exercises on reduction of muscle cramps were reviewed. It revealed that intradialytic exercise every 20 minutes during the last two hours of dialysis helped to reduce and even prevent muscle cramps. Some of the other studies revealed that stretching before sleep reduces the nocturnal leg cramps. There were many studies tested the level of muscle cramps by performing resistance exercises than the stretching exercises. Most of the studies were focused on the muscle loss, functional performance, and the efficacy of the haemodialysis. Hence this study was focused on the reduction of muscle cramps and incorporated this intradialytic stretching exercises as an evidenced based nursing practice. The design adopted for this study is pre-test post-test with control group, which is a type of quasi-experimental research design. The study was conducted on 30 samples those who had muscle cramps during the haemodialysis, during a period of 4 weeks in Dialysis unit Sundaram hospital, Trichy. After obtaining an informed consent, Demographic data was collected by an interview method, level of muscle cramps was assessed using the self made muscle cramp questionnaire chart (0-13 scores) which is comprehensively scored with the various features of muscle cramps. The intradialytic stretching exercises were given passively to the samples during the third and fourth hour of haemodialysis for a period of 20 minutes twice per sitting. Data were categorized and analyzed using descriptive (mean, percentage, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent paired "t" test, chi-square analysis). Major Findings of the Study: Thirty demographic variables were assessed the distribution of demographic variables among the patient undergoing Haemodialysis with muscle cramps. This study revealed that according to their demographic variables majority of the subjects 16 (53.3%) were in the age group of 51-60 years,Gender 20 (66.7%) were Male, Religion 26 (86.7%) were Hindu, Education 10 (33.3%) were collegiate, Occupation 09(30.0%) were of Home maker and 09 (30.0%) were of Government employee. According to Family income 10 (33.3%) were between 5001-10000, Marital status 30(100%) were married, Locality 20 (66.7%) were urban, Duration of treatment 17 (56.7%) were of less than one year and food habits 13 (43.3%) were of non-vegetarian. The study shows the level of muscle cramps before and after the intradialytic stretching exercise. It shows that majority of the patients undergoing haemodialysis had severe 26 (86.67%) muscle cramps before the intradialytic stretching exercise and 4 (13.33%) patients had moderate muscle cramps. But after the intervention of intradialytic stretching exercise 18(60%) had severe muscle cramps. 12 (40%) had moderate muscle cramps. And this value shows that there is a significant improvement in the reduction of muscle cramps after the intervention of intradialytic stretching exercises. Assessment of pre-test and post-test levels of muscle cramps among the patients undergoing haemodialysis. The value of t is -10.074721. The value of p is < 0.00001. The result is significant at p ≤ 0.05. Assessment of association between the post test scores of muscle cramps among the patients undergoing haemodialysis with demographic variables shows that there is a significant association such as gender, education and locality. But there is no any significance association between age, religion, occupation, family income, marital status, duration of treatment, Food habits. * Significant at P< 0.05. CONCLUSION: Muscle cramps are the most prevalent intradialytic complication and it is a subjective feeling that can be expressed by all the patients. There are many pharmacological and non pharmacological measures are adopted to treat the muscle cramps but the data from various studies revealed that there were no complete relief from the cramps. This study was taken up to assess the effectiveness of intradialytic stretching exercises on the reduction of muscle cramps among patients undergoing haemodialysis at Sundaram hospital, Trichy. Intradialytic stretching exercises is an effective method which can be used as a preventive therapy in the treatment of muscle cramps. By conclusion intradialytic stretching exercises helps to reduce the level of muscle cramps. Regular stretching exercises during the haemodialysis prevents the occurrence of muscle cramps and improves the quality of life among the patients undergoing haemodialysis

Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Flow Through a Turbine Vane Cascade .

Present day military aero-gas turbines demand higher stage loadings for turbines so as to meet the growing for higher thrust/power with fuel consumption. This calls for improved methods of blade element profiles. Details of a computer code developed for the design of blade elements for the prescribed distribution of surface velocity (Mach number) based on Stanitz's inverse methods are presented in this paper. Effects of boundary layer growth on the blade surface has also been incorporated in this code. Turbine vane was designed making use of this program and a four-bladed cascade was fabricated. It was tested in a blow down wind tunnel for different blowing pressures and stagger angles. Mach number distribution was determined from measured static pressure on the suction and pressure surfaces of the blade. Based on stream filament technique a computer code was developed to predict the characteristics of flow thorough a blade cascade. Results of this study show reasonable agreement between experimentally obtained Mach number distribution and the initially prescribed as well as analytically predicted Mach number distributions

Performance analysis of PV powered multilevel inverter

This article deals with the PV based DC/DC boost chopper integrated nine level inverter. This topology requires 7 switches in minimum to obtain a nine level stepped wave output. So the main objective of this paper is to develop a 9 level AC output using PV based DC/DC boost chopper. In the case of conventional multi-level inverter, 16 switches were utilized and the number of sources needed was also more. Here the proposed system comprises of single PV panel and the switches used are also less. Also PV is integrated with DC/DC boost chopper is used to increase the source input level of the inverter. Using MATLAB platform, the proposed system is simulated with a resistive and inductive load. The similar results are obtained in prototype which validates the designed converter

Genetic Variability in Candidate Plus Trees of \u3cem\u3eAcacia nilotica\u3c/em\u3e--An Important Fodder Tree under Agroforestry System

The realization of the effects of climate change redirected the focus on agroforestry, which deals with the management of land use system for increased sustainability. Enhancement of fodder production per unit area per unit time is essential to meet the demand from livestock sector for which different land use systems are being developed. Acacia nilotica is one of the important agroforestry species which fits into in silvipastoral system under agroforestry, in arid and semi-arid regions. It is known as babool, kikkar or Indian gum arabic, which has ability to improve nitrogen content of soil through its interaction with symbiotic bacteria on drought prone and degraded soils, tolerant to waterlogged conditions. It is an important source of fodder, the leaves and pods together will supplement the protein component in the livestock feed and when everything is dry; Acacias serve as the only green fodder source during peak summer season. It is a good source of timber, fuel wood, industrial source for the raw material tannin and as protective hedge and hence plays an important role in rural farming. The studies on maximization of forage production and wasteland development has reported that babool has highest survivability among fodder trees and has higher dry fodder production/tree/year. Tree growth and canopy diameter contributes to the production of green as well as dry fodder biomass. Assessing the variation within and among the provenance selections for different traits will help selection of genotypes for different use in the silvipastoral agroforestry system. In view of this, the present study was undertaken to study the genetic variability present in the candidate plus trees of different provenances collected from central India

ISOLATION OF 2-CHLOROBENZIMIDAZOLE FROM MELIA DUBIA LEAF EXTRACT AND ITS STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISATION

Objective: Natural products from medicinal plants, either as isolated compounds or as standardized plant extracts exhibit promising source of medicinal activity against various diseases. The aim of the present work was to make an attempt of isolation of bioactive principle and characterization of the isolated compound, from the medicinal plant Melia dubaiMethods: The extraction was done by a cold percolation method and the compound was separated and isolated by chromatography technique such as a thin layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The isolated compound was crystallized and the structural characterization of the isolated compound was made using UV-Visible, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, GC-MS and MS techniques which confirmed the structure of the isolated compound.Results: The separated and isolated compound was characterized by both physical and spectral methods like Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Visible), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-NMR), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and Mass spectrometry(MS). Based on the studies, organizational characteristics of one bioactive principle were deciphered. The results revealed that the isolated species is 2-chlorobenzimidazole and it agreed well with the reported value and spectra for 2-chlorobenzimidazole.Conclusion: The above results obtained in this research work clearly indicated the promising occurrence of 2-chlorobenzimidazole in Media dubia plant leaves. The future scope of these studies may guide us to view the biological activity of the isolated compound