Impact of drying on techno-functional and nutritional properties of food proteins and carbohydrates - A comprehensive review

This is the final version. Available on open access from Taylor & Francis via the DOI in this recordData availability statement: There is no data available for this article.Foods comprise of many macromolecules that have varying techno-functional and nutritional properties. The isolated proteins and carbohydrates from them are increasingly being used as potential ingredients in the food industries. Numerous processes like drying for food processing and preservation cause variations in functional and nutritional attributes of proteins and carbohydrates in different degrees in the food products that can ultimately affect their possible applications. This article explores different drying technologies being used in the food industries, including freeze-drying, microwave-assisted drying, infrared drying, vacuum drying, spray drying, and oven drying. Based on the evaluation of multiple studies, it can be inferred that these drying methods have the potential to contribute to low drying performance, high operational costs, and strong environmental impact. Moreover, they can affect the nutritional value of macronutrients such as proteins, starches, gums, and dietary fibers present in foods, the integrity of the food structures, and their functional properties. Understanding the correlation between the drying technique used and the functional and nutritional attributes of macromolecules will help to provide better insight into the importance of the different drying methods. Optimization of the operational parameters of the different drying methods could be vital and needs to be evaluated to avoid the degradation of the proteins and carbohydrates and the loss of their properties

Seafood processing, preservation, and analytical techniques in the age of industry 4.0

Fish and other seafood products are essential dietary components that are highly appreciated and consumed worldwide. However, the high perishability of these products has driven the development of a wide range of processing, preservation, and analytical techniques. This development has been accelerated in recent years with the advent of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) technologies, digitally transforming almost every industry, including the food and seafood industry. The purpose of this review paper is to provide an updated overview of recent thermal and nonthermal processing and preservation technologies, as well as advanced analytical techniques used in the seafood industry. A special focus will be given to the role of different Industry 4.0 technologies to achieve smart seafood manufacturing, with high automation and digitalization. The literature discussed in this work showed that emerging technologies (e.g., ohmic heating, pulsed electric field, high pressure processing, nanotechnology, advanced mass spectrometry and spectroscopic techniques, and hyperspectral imaging sensors) are key elements in industrial revolutions not only in the seafood industry but also in all food industry sectors. More research is still needed to explore how to harness the Industry 4.0 innovations in order to achieve a green transition toward more profitable and sustainable food production systems.José S. Câmara and Rosa Perestrelo acknowledge FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through the CQM Base Fund—UIDB/00674/2020, and Programmatic Fund—UIDP/00674/2020, Madeira 14–20 Program, project PROEQUIPRAM—Reforço do Investimento em Equipamentos e Infraestruturas Científicas na RAM (M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000008), and ARDITI—Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação, through M1420-01-0145- FEDER-000005—Centro de Química da Madeira—CQM+ (Madeira 14–20 Program) for their support. The research leading to these results was supported by MICINN supporting the Ramón y Cajal grant for M.A. Prieto (RYC-2017-22891); by Xunta de Galicia for supporting the program EXCELENCIAED431F 2020/12; and the pre-doctoral grant of P. Garcia-Oliveira (ED481A-2019/295); and by the program BENEFICIOS DO CONSUMO DAS ESPECIES TINTORERA-(CO-0019-2021).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Gabapentin for the hemodynamic response to intubation: systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose Endotracheal intubation is the gold standard for securing the airway before surgery. Nevertheless, this procedure can produce an activation of the sympathetic nervous system and result in a hemodynamic response which, in high-risk patients, may lead to cardiovascular instability and myocardial ischemia. The aim of this review was to evaluate whether gabapentin can attenuate this response and whether such an attenuation could translate into reduced myocardial ischemia and mortality. Source We searched MEDLINE®, EMBASE™, CINAHL, AMED, and unpublished clinical trial databases for randomized-controlled trials that compared gabapentin with control, fentanyl, clonidine, or beta blockers for attenuating the hemodynamic response to intubation. Primary outcomes were mortality, myocardial infarction, and myocardial ischemia. Secondary outcomes were hemodynamic changes following intubation. Principal findings We included 29 randomized trials with only two studies at low risk of bias. No data were provided for the primary outcomes and no studies included high-risk patients. The use of gabapentin resulted in attenuation in the rise in mean arterial blood pressure [mean difference (MD), −12 mmHg; 95% confidence interval (CI), −17 to −8] and heart rate (MD, −8 beats·min−1; 95% CI, −11 to −5) one minute after intubation. Gabapentin also reduced the risk of hypertension or tachycardia requiring treatment (risk ratio, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.48). Data were limited on adverse hemodynamic events such as bradycardia and hypotension. Conclusion It remains unknown whether gabapentin improves clinically relevant outcomes such as death and myocardial infarction since studies failed to report on these. Nevertheless, gabapentin attenuated increases in heart rate and blood pressure following intubation when compared with the control group. Even so, the studies included in this review were at potential risk of bias. Moreover, they did not include high-risk patients or report adverse hemodynamic outcomes. Future studies are required to address these limitations

Load Path Effects in Circular Steel Columns under Bidirectional Lateral Cyclic Loading

Rigorous numerical analyses are conducted to study the effects of bidirectional lateral cyclic loading on the hysteretic response of stocky circular thin-walled steel columns. Four unidirectional and eight bidirectional lateral displacement controlled load paths are considered; different performance indices obtained from the lateral load paths under consideration are compared. The results obtained from these comprehensive numerical analyses indicate that bidirectional lateral cyclic loading has a very limited effect on the ultimate strength of stocky circular thin-walled steel columns, but significantly decreases the ductility when compared with unidirectional lateral loading

Accurate modeling of the cyclic response of structural components constructed of steel with yield plateau

A time-independent constitutive model for structural steels with a yield plateau is presented. The model is based on the basic principles of time-independent plasticity. The model couples the nonlinear kinematic hardening concept with a memory surface in the plastic strain space, and a pseudo memory surface in the deviatoric stress space. A brief description of the constitutive model, which is capable of capturing the response of the material for monotonic, proportional and non-proportional cyclic loading paths are given. The performance of the proposed constitutive model is verified at the structural component level, by means of finite element simulations of large-scale structural columns or bridge pier elements under constant axial load and uni-directional quasi-static cyclic loading. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Constitutive Model for Cyclic Response of Structural Steels with Yield Plateau

A rate-independent cyclic plasticity model for structural steels with a yield plateau is proposed. The model couples nonlinear kinematic hardening with a memory surface in the plastic strain space, to account for the progressive cyclic hardening/softening effects and a pseudomemory surface in the deviatoric stress space to correctly describe the plateau response. A simple identification procedure to calibrate the material dependent parameters is outlined and the accuracy of the proposed model is verified against experimental data available in the literature for proportional and nonproportional loading paths

The response of the seismically isolated bolu viaduct subjected to fault crossing

The effect of fault crossing on the response of the seismically isolated Bolu Viaduct is investigated. The seismic ground motions at the site of the viaduct are generated following a rigorous methodology which is based on seismological data available in the literature and finite-fault modelling techniques of the extended source. The generated motions are used to study the effect of fault crossing and fault crossing angle on the nonlinear behaviour of the seismically isolated viaduct. It is shown that fault crossing is an important factor in the earthquake response of seismically isolated bridge, and that this effect needs to be considered in the design and detailing of the isolation system. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers

Behavior of a seismically isolated bridge crossing a fault rupture zone

The effect of the fault rupture zone traversing a seismically isolated bridge is investigated utilizing a finite element model of a section of the Bolu Viaduct and a set of synthetic broadband strong ground motions simulated for the Bolu Viaduct site due to the 1999 Duzce earthquake. Both the original and a potential retrofit seismic isolation system designs are considered in the analyses. The results show double isolation system demands when fault crossing is considered, as compared to the case where fault crossing is ignored. The pier drift demands, however, remain comparable in both cases. Furthermore, the location of fault crossing along the bridge length, as well as the fault orientation with respect to the bridge longitudinal direction are shown to influence substantially the response of the seismically isolated bridge. Isolation system permanent displacements are greatly influenced by the restoring force capability of the isolation system when fault crossing effects in the excitations are ignored. In the case of fault crossing, the permanent displacements of the isolation system are dominated by the substantial permanent tectonic displacement along the fault trace which is imposed upon the structure. The results of this study contribute to developing a better understanding of how seismically isolated bridges respond when traversed by fault rupture zones. The lack of analyses and design guidelines for bridges crossing faults in international standards renders this study a useful reference for the profession. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Assessment of ssi effects on a seismically isolated multi-span bridge under bi-directional seismic excitation

Elevated highway bridges are important elements in modern society infrastructure. Due to their strategic importance, loss of functionality in an earthquake is not an acceptable performance criterion. Observed performance of highway bridges following recent earthquakes suggested that conventional design methods might not provide the desired performance levels. Seismic isolation is an efficient alternative for mitigating earthquake effects for bridges. Recent seismic events have shown that if not designed properly, seismically isolated bridges that are thought to be safe may suffer sever damage (e.g. Bolu Viaduct, in Duzce Earthquake 1998) if not total collapse. Extensive research has been carried out in the past 30 years regarding the effects of soil structure interaction (SSI) on the seismic response of civil engineering structures and until recently it was believed that neglecting SSI effects would lead to a safe and conservative design. Case studies conducted after the Kobe (1995) earthquake reveal that for non-isolated bridges, SSI will affect the dynamic properties of the structure that in turn may be beneficial or in many cases detrimental to their seismic response. Herein the effect of SSI on the seismic response of a seismically-isolated bridge, Bolu Viaduct, founded on soft non-liquefiable soil is investigated. Accounting for the nonlinear behavior of the seismic isolation system, the inertial interaction between the deep foundation and the superstructure is studied. It is shown that for certain conditions this interaction might increase the displacement demands imposed on the structure, which in turn might lead to loss of functionality of the structure. The results show that SSI is an important factor in the earthquake response of seismically isolated bridges and that these effects need to be considered in the design and detailing of the isolation system as well as in the evaluation of the overall performance of the structural systems during an earthquake event. Copyright © (2010) by Earthquake Engineering Research Institute