38 research outputs found

    Water mass evolution of the Greenland Sea since late glacial times

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    Four sediment cores from the central and northern Greenland Sea basin, a crucial area for the renewal of North Atlantic deep water, were analyzed for planktic foraminiferal fauna, planktic and benthic stable oxygen and carbon isotopes as well as ice-rafted debris to reconstruct the environmental variability in the last 23 kyr. During the Last Glacial Maximum, the Greenland Sea was dominated by cold and sea-ice bearing surface water masses. Meltwater discharges from the surrounding ice sheets affected the area during the deglaciation, influencing the water mass circulation. During the Younger Dryas interval the last major freshwater event occurred in the region. The onset of the Holocene interglacial was marked by an increase in the advection of Atlantic Water and a rise in sea surface temperatures (SST). Although the thermal maximum was not reached simultaneously across the basin, benthic isotope data indicate that the rate of overturning circulation reached a maximum in the central Greenland Sea around 7 ka. After 6–5 ka a SST cooling and increasing sea-ice cover is noted. Conditions during this so-called "Neoglacial" cooling, however, changed after 3 ka, probably due to enhanced sea-ice expansion, which limited the deep convection. As a result, a well stratified upper water column amplified the warming of the subsurface waters in the central Greenland Sea, which were fed by increased inflow of Atlantic Water from the eastern Nordic Seas. Our data reveal that the Holocene oceanographic conditions in the Greenland Sea did not develop uniformly. These variations were a response to a complex interplay between the Atlantic and Polar water masses, the rate of sea-ice formation and melting and its effect on vertical convection intensity during times of Northern Hemisphere insolation changes

    Fluoride concentrations in the pineal gland, brain and bone of goosander (Mergus merganser) and its prey in Odra River estuary in Poland

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    Nordic Seas polynyas and their role in preconditioning marine productivity during the Last Glacial Maximum.

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    Arctic and Antarctic polynyas are crucial sites for deep-water formation, which helps sustain global ocean circulation. During glacial times, the occurrence of polynyas proximal to expansive ice sheets in both hemispheres has been proposed to explain limited ocean ventilation and a habitat requirement for marine and higher-trophic terrestrial fauna. Nonetheless, their existence remains equivocal, not least due to the hitherto paucity of sufficiently characteristic proxy data. Here we demonstrate polynya formation in front of the NW Eurasian ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which resulted from katabatic winds blowing seaward of the ice shelves and upwelling of warm, sub-surface Atlantic water. These polynyas sustained ice-sheet build-up, ocean ventilation, and marine productivity in an otherwise glacial Arctic desert. Following the catastrophic meltwater discharge from the collapsing ice sheets at ~17.5 ka BP, polynya formation ceased, marine productivity declined dramatically, and sea ice expanded rapidly to cover the entire Nordic Seas

    Comparison of selenium effect on peroxidase activities in soil contaminated with diesel oil and spent engine oil

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    W pracy przedstawiono wyniki oddziaływania oleju napędowego, przepracowanego oleju silnikowego oraz selenu (IV i VI), na aktywność peroksydazową gleby. Doświadczenie przeprowadzono w warunkach laboratoryjnych na piasku gliniastym o zawartości węgla organicznego 8,7 g·kgˉ¹. Do próbek gleby wprowadzono w różnych kombinacjach kwas selenowy (IV) lub kwas selenowy (VI) (ilość dodanego Se wynosiła 0,05 mmol·kgˉ¹) oraz przepracowany olej silnikowy lub olej napędowy w ilościach 2, 10 i 50 g·kgˉ¹. Wszystkie próbki doprowadzono do 60% maksymalnej pojemności wodnej i przechowywano w szklanych pojemnikach typu twist, w stałej temperaturze 20°C. Aktywność peroksydaz oznaczono spektrofotometrycznie w 1., 7., 14., 28., 56. i 112. dniu doświadczenia. Skażenie gleby olejem napędowym oraz przepracowanym olejem silnikowym spowodowało stymulację aktywności peroksydaz. Wprowadzenie selenu do gleby nieskażonej substancjami ropopochodnymi wywołało zmiany aktywności peroksydaz. Jedynie dodatek selenu VI do gleby zawierającej olej napędowy w dawce 2 g·kgˉ¹ spowodował istotny wzrost średniej aktywności peroksydaz glebowych.This paper describes the impact of diesel oil, spent engine oil and selenium (IV and VI) on peroxidase activity in soil. Experiment was carried out in laboratory conditions on loamy sand with organic carbon content of 8.7 g·kgˉ¹. Different combinations of selenic (IV) acid or selenic (VI) acid (the Se amount was 0.05 mmol·kgˉ¹) and diesel oil or spent engine oil at dosage of 2, 10 i 50 g·kgˉ¹ were added to soil samples. All samples were adjusted to 60% of the maximum water holding capacity and stored in glass twist containers at a temperature of 20°C. Activity of peroxidases was determined spectrophotometrically on days 1, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112. Soil contamination with diesel oil and spent engine oil increased the activity of peroxidases. Application of selenium to soil uncontaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons caused significant changes of peroxidase activities in the initial period of experiment. Only in soil containing diesel oil at the dosage of 2 g·kgˉ¹ significant increase in activity of peroxidase was observed after treatment with selenium VI

    Assessment of spinosad side-effect on o-diphenol oxidase activity in soil

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    Wplyw dodatku 2,4-D i dikamby w formach uzytkowych pestycydow zawierajacych izoproturon na dynamike jego zanikania i zmiany aktywnosci peroksydazowej w glebie

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    W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań laboratoryjnych stwierdzono, że dodatek 2,4-D i dikamby w formie użytkowej pestycydu zawierającego izoproturon znacząco wpływał na szybkość jego zaniku i zmiany aktywności peroksydazowej w glebie. W przypadku dawki dziesięcio- i stukrotnie większej niż dawka polowa dodatek ten wpływał na przyspieszenie, zaś w przypadku dawki polowej na spowolnienie zanikania izoproturonu w glebie. Jednocześnie dodatek 2,4-D i dikamby spowodował zmniejszenie stymulującego oddziaływania izoproturonu na aktywność peroksydazową w glebie.The results of laboratory studies showed, that addition of 2,4-D and dicamba to pesticides containing isoproturon significantly influenced its degradation rate and changes in activity of peroxidases in soil. Addition of 10 x field dose and 100 x field dose accelerated, while a field dose decreased degradation rate of isoproturon in soil. Simultaneously 2,4-D and dicamba addition reduced the stimulation effect of isoproturon on peroxidase activity in soil

    Pozostalosci substancji aktywnych herbicydow Izoturon 500 SC i Segal 65 WG w glebie i roslinach pszenicy jarej

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    W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań zawartości w glebie i roślinach pszenicy jarej substancji aktywnych: izoproturonu, metrybuzyny i amidosulfuronu, zawartych w herbicydach Izoturon 500 SC i Segal 65 WG. Doświadczenie przeprowadzono jako doświadczenie wazonowe z pszenicą jarą odmiany Koksa, stosując doglebowo Izoturon 500 SC (500 g izoproturonu w 1 dm³ preparatu) w dawkach: zalecanej przez producenta, pięciokrotnie i dwudziestopięciokrotnie większej. W fazie trzech liści pszenicy (21 dzień doświadczenia), dzień przed pierwszym pomiarem, wykonano dodatkowo oprysk Segalem 65 WG (50% metrybuzyny i 15% amidosulfuronu) w takich samych dawkach w jakich użyto Izoturon 500 SC. W fazie trzech liści, strzelania w źdźbło, kwitnienia i dojrzałości mlecznej pobierano próbki glebowe i roślinne, w których oznaczano w trzech powtórzeniach zawartość izoproturonu i amidosulfuronu metodą chromatografii cieczowej oraz zawartość metrybuzyny metodą chromatografii gazowej. Wyniki badań wskazują, że wśród badanych substancji aktywnych najdłuższym okresem zalegania w glebie charakteryzował się izoproturon. Natomiast zawartość w roślinach izoproturonu, metrybuzyny i amidosulfuronu była największa w fazie trzech liści i zmniejszała się w trakcie trwania doświadczenia. Ponadto po zastosowaniu herbicydów w dawce dwudziestopięciokrotnie większej od zalecanej po fazie trzech liści rośliny pszenicy uschły.Paper presents the results on studies on isoproturon, metribuzin and amidosulfuron contents in the soil and wheat plants, after the treatment with Izoturon 500 SC and Segal 65 WG herbicides. In a pot experiment on spring wheat Koksa cv. the herbicide Izoturon 500 SC (500 g isoproturon per 1 dm³a preparation) was applied to the soil in three doses: recommended by the manufacturer, then 5 and 25 times larger. At the phase of three leaves (21st day of experiment) the plants were sprinkled with Segal 65 WG (50% metribuzin and 15% amidosulfuron) in the same doses as Izoturon 500 SC. At the three leaf, shooting, ear formation and early maturity phases soil and plant samples were taken to determine the isoproturon and amidosulfuron contents using liquid chromatography and metribuzin content using gas chromatography. Obtained results showed that among studied active substances reminded in soil for isoproturon the longest time. However, the largest contents of isoproturon, metribuzin and amidosulfuron in plants were observed at three leaf phase and then they decreased during the experiment. Moreover, in the case of applying the herbicides at dose 25-times higher than recommended by the producer, the plants withered after the phase of three leaves

    Assessment of selenium and gasoline effect on activity of some enzymes involved in nitrogen transformation in soil

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    W pracy przedstawiono wyniki oddziaływania benzyny oraz selenu (IV) i (VI), na aktywność wybranych enzymów przemian azotu w glebie. Badania prowadzono w doświadczeniu laboratoryjnym na glebie zakwalifikowanej jako piasek gliniasty o zawartości węgla organicznego 8,7 g·kg⁻¹ s.m. Do próbek gleby wprowadzono w różnych kombinacjach kwas selenowy (IV) lub kwas selenowy (VI) (ilość dodanego Se wynosiła 0,05 mmol·kg⁻¹ s.m.) oraz benzynę w ilościach 2, 10 i 50 g·kg⁻¹ s.m. Wszystkie próbki doprowadzono do 60% maksymalnej pojemności wodnej i inkubowano w stałej temperaturze 20°C. W 1., 7., 14., 28. i 56. dniu doświadczenia oznaczono spektrofotometrycznie aktywność reduktazy azotanowej, ureazy oraz proteaz. Wprowadzenie do gleby benzyny w dawce 2 g·kg⁻¹ s.m. wywołało stymulację aktywności ureazy oraz reduktazy, podczas gdy większe dawki benzyny inhibitowały aktywność enzymów przemian azotu w glebie lekkiej. Po dodaniu selenu, zwłaszcza Se (VI) do gleby zanieczyszczonej benzyną w dawkach 10 i 50 g·kg⁻¹ s.m. stwierdzono głównie stymulację oznaczanych enzymów, zwłaszcza reduktazy azotanowej.This paper describes the impact of selenium in two oxidation states (IV and VI) and gasoline on activity of enzymes involved in nitrogen transformations in soil: nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1), urease (EC 3.5.1.5) and proteases (EC 3.4.4.x). The experiment was carried out in laboratory conditions on a soil material taken from the topsoil of Brunic Arenosol. According to the classification of the United States Department of Agriculture, it was soil with a granulometric composition of loamy sand with organic carbon content of 8.7 g·kg⁻¹ d.m. and total nitrogen content 0.97 g·kg⁻¹ d.m. Different combinations of selenic (IV) acid or selenic (VI) acid (the Se amount was 0.05 mmol·kg⁻¹) and gasoline at the dosages of 2, 10 i 50 g·kg⁻¹ d.m. were added to soil samples. All samples were adjusted to 60% of the maximum water holding capacity and stored at a temperature of 20°C. Activity of nitrate reductase, urease and proteases was determined on days 1, 7, 14, 28 and 56 using spectrophotometer UV-1800 (Shimadzu) in three repetitions. The results were examined using Tukey’s HSD test (p <0.05) and two-way η² analysis. Basing on obtained results there was also calculated influence factor of selenium. Which equals to quotient of activity of enzyme in soil with selenium and activity in control sample or with contamination. Soil treatment with gasoline at the dosage of 2 g·kg⁻¹ d.m. increased activity of nitrate reductase and urease during whole experiment except day 1 for nitrate reductase. Higher gasoline dosages caused inhibition of all measured enzymes. Application of Se (VI) to soil contaminated with gasoline at dosage 10 g·kg⁻¹ d.m. caused stimulation of nitrate reductase and proteases in all days of experiment. Selenium (IV) in soil with gasoline at the dosage 50 g·kg⁻¹ d.m. caused stimulation of all measured enzymes except day 1 for protease and urease. The η² analysis showed that gasoline had higher effect on activity of assayed enzymes than selenium, and percentage participations of this factors in the formation of nitrate reductase, urease and proteases were 88.66, 81.07 and 51.16%, respectively. Percentage participation of selenium effect was considerably lower for all enzyme activities than gasoline impact
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