Emission Measures and Emission-measure-weighted Temperatures of Shocked ISM and Ejecta in Supernova Remnants

A goal of supernova remnant (SNR) evolution models is to relate fundamental parameters of a supernova (SN) explosion and progenitor star to the current state of its SNR. The SNR hot plasma is characterized by its observed X-ray spectrum, which yields electron temperature, emission measure and abundances. Depending on their brightness, the properties of the plasmas heated by the SNR forward shock, reverse shock or both can be measured. The current work utilizes models which are spherically symmetric. One dimensional hydrodynamic simulations are carried out for SNR evolution prior to onset of radiative losses. From these, we derive dimensionless emission measures and emission-measure-weighted temperatures, and we present fitting formulae for these quantities as functions of scaled SNR time. These models allow one to infer SNR explosion energy, circumstellar medium density, age, ejecta mass and ejecta density profile from SNR observations. The new results are incorporated into the SNR modelling code SNRPy. The code is demonstrated with application to three historical SNRs: Kepler, Tycho and SN1006.Comment: 50 pages, 10 figures, 5 table

Seismic fragility assessment of bridges with as-built and retrofitted splice-deficient columns

A significant proportion of existing bridges in high seismic regions were constructed prior to the 1970s. As a result of poor reinforcement detailing, pre-1970s bridge columns are susceptible to lap-splice or shear failure in the plastic region. Given the high economic impact of retrofitting all pre-1970s reinforced concrete (RC) bridges, it is essential to identify the most vulnerable bridges for retrofit prioritisation. Analytical fragility functions are useful for quantifying the seismic vulnerability of existing bridge stock. However, the accuracy of these fragility functions relies on the adequacy of the adopted modelling approach. This paper presents a hinge-type modelling approach for capturing the seismic response of as-built splice-deficient and retrofitted RC bridge columns. Fragility analysis is carried out for typical seat and diaphragm abutment two-span bridges using the proposed hinge-type modelling approach. The results showed that the vulnerability of the bridges depends on the column failure mode and the limit state under consideration. Also, the common notion that the column is the most vulnerable component may not necessarily be true. The study underscored that retrofitting columns without retrofitting other components may not effectively mitigate the damage and associated risk

Influence of system parameters on the hysteresis characteristics of a horizontal Rijke tube

The influence of system parameters such as heater power, heater location and mass flow rate on the hysteresis characteristics of a horizontal Rijke tube is presented in this paper. It is observed that a hysteresis zone is present for all the mass flow rates considered in the present study. A power law relation is established between the non-dimensional hysteresis width and the Strouhal number, defined as the ratio between convective time scale and acoustic time scale. The transition to instability in a horizontal Rijke tube is found to be subcritical in all the experiments performed in this study. When heater location is chosen as the control parameter, period-2 oscillations are found for specific values of mass flow rate and heater power

समुद्रातील पिंजऱ्यात करावयाच्या मत्स्यशोतिसाठी स्थळ आणि प्रजाती यांची निवड

Cage culture is an utilisation of existing water bodies with little or no economic costs. The selection of a suitable site for a cage farm is indispensible for their effective function, particularly in relation to proper water quality within the cage and reduced environmental impacts around the cage and for the economic viability of the cage farm. The natural tolerance of species should be studied for assessment of suitable site

Comparative efficacy of behavioral despair models in depicting antidepressant-like effect of tramadol

Background: Experimental evaluation of antidepressants (ADs) in diverse animal models is the need of time. There is a constant search for newer models with ease and rapid screening of AD activity. As earlier studies highlight AD effect of tramadol in animal models, the study was undertaken to compare antidepressant-like effect of tramadol in two models of behavioural despair in mice.Methods: Tramadol was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at two different doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg, once daily for 7 days to Swiss albino mice. The immobility period of control and drug-treated mice was recorded in tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST). The antidepressant (AD) effect of tramadol was compared with control (NS) and reference drug imipramine (10 mg/kg, p.o.), administered orally (p.o.) for seven successive days.Results: Tramadol in tail suspension test (TST) produced significant antidepressant effect at 20 and 40 mg/kg doses, as depicted by reduction in immobility period of drug-treated mice compared to control group. The efficacy of tramadol at dose of 40 mg/kg was comparable to that of imipramine treated group (p0.05).Conclusion: The results of the present study depict antidepressant-like activity of tramadol in both the models of depression TST and FST. But TST in mice seems to be more efficacious in appraising the antidepressant like effect of tramadol

Experimental investigation on the susceptibility of minimal networks to a change in topology and number of oscillators

Understanding the global dynamical behaviour of a network of coupled oscillators has been a topic of immense research in many fields of science and engineering. Various factors govern the resulting dynamical behaviour of such networks, including the number of oscillators and their coupling schemes. Although these factors are seldom significant in large populations, a small change in them can drastically affect the global behaviour in small populations. In this paper, we perform an experimental investigation on the effect of these factors on the coupled behaviour of a minimal network of candle-flame oscillators. We observe that strongly coupled oscillators exhibit the global behaviour of in-phase synchrony and amplitude death, irrespective of the number and the topology of oscillators. However, when they are weakly coupled, their global behaviour exhibits the intermittent occurrence of multiple stable states in time. In addition to states of clustering, chimera, and weak chimera, we report the experimental discovery of partial amplitude death in a network of candle-flame oscillators. We also show that closed-loop networks tend to hold global synchronization for longer duration as compared to open-loop networks. We believe that our results would find application in real-life problems such as power grids, neuronal networks, and seizure dynamics.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, not submitted anywher

Continuous health monitoring using smartphones-A case-study for monitoring diabetic patients in UAE

© 2016 IEEE. With diabetes patients doubling every year especially in the UAE there is a need to curb this epidemic and help those who are affected to live an active life. Continuous monitoring of health indicators ensures prompt medical attention and reduction in fatalities. The primary challenge to continuously monitor diabetes is that glucose level measurement requires invasive methods. Moreover, continuous monitoring must happen remotely and therefore would require computing and networking technologies that is seamless, real-Time, high speed, and with large storage capacities. With the increasing penetration of smartphones, especially in the UAE, we propose a framework for continuous monitoring of diabetes on the smartphone platform. We also survey the state-of-The-Art in continuous health monitoring

Intellectual Property Law & Competition Law

Competition law and intellectual property rights (IPRs) have evolved historically as two separate systems of law. There is a considerable overlap in the goals of the two systems of law because both are aimed at promoting innovation and economic growth. Yet there are also potential conflicts owing to the means used by each system to promote those goals. IP laws generally offer a right of exclusive use and exploitation to provide a reward to the innovator, to provide an incentive to other innovators and to bring into the public domain innovative information that might otherwise remain trade secrets. Competition authorities regulate near monopolies, mergers and commercial agreements with the aim of maintaining effective competition in markets. This article introduces the concept of IPRs and Competition law. It highlights important areas of conflict between the two laws and also talks about the Indian scenario of antitrust law. It concludes by trying to harmonize the conflicts

Emergent chiroptical properties in supramolecular and plasmonic assemblies

This tutorial provides a comprehensive description of the origin of chiroptical properties of supramolecular and plasmonic assemblies in the UV-visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The photophysical concepts essential for understanding chiroptical signatures are presented in the first section. Just as the oscillator strength (a positive quantity) is related to absorption, the rotational strength (either a positive or a negative quantity) defines the emergence of chiroptical signatures in molecular/plasmonic systems. In supramolecular systems, induced circular dichroism (ICD) originates through the off-resonance coupling of transition dipoles in chiral inclusion complexes, while exciton coupled circular dichroism (ECD) originates through the on-resonance exciton coupling of transition dipoles in chiral assemblies resulting in the formation of a bisignated CD signal. In bisignated ECD spectra, the sign of the couplet is determined not only by the handedness of chiral supramolecular assemblies, but also by the sign of the interaction energy between transition dipoles. Plasmonic chirality is briefly addressed in the last section, focusing on inherent chirality, induced chirality, and surface plasmon-coupled circular dichroism (SP-CD). The oscillator strength is of the order of 1 in molecular systems, while it becomes very large (104-105) in plasmonic systems due to the collective plasmonic excitations, resulting in intense CD signals, which can be exploited for the design of plasmonic metamaterial platforms for chiral sensing applications. This journal i