1,542 research outputs found
Long wavelength structural anomalies in jammed systems
The structural properties of static, jammed packings of monodisperse spheres
in the vicinity of the jamming transition are investigated using large-scale
computer simulations. At small wavenumber , we argue that the anomalous
behavior in the static structure factor, , is consequential of an
excess of low-frequency, collective excitations seen in the vibrational
spectrum. This anomalous feature becomes more pronounced closest to the jamming
transition, such that at the transition point. We introduce an
appropriate dispersion relation that accounts for these phenomena that leads us
to relate these structural features to characteristic length scales associated
with the low-frequency vibrational modes of these systems. When the particles
are frictional, this anomalous behavior is suppressed providing yet more
evidence that jamming transitions of frictional spheres lie at lower packing
fractions that that for frictionless spheres. These results suggest that the
mechanical properties of jammed and glassy media may therefore be inferred from
measurements of both the static and dynamical structure factors.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure captions. Completely revised version to appear in
Phys. Rev.
Granular flow down a rough inclined plane: transition between thin and thick piles
The rheology of granular particles in an inclined plane geometry is studied
using molecular dynamics simulations. The flow--no-flow boundary is determined
for piles of varying heights over a range of inclination angles . Three
angles determine the phase diagram: , the angle of repose, is the
angle at which a flowing system comes to rest; , the maximum angle
of stability, is the inclination required to induce flow in a static system;
and is the maximum angle for which stable, steady state flow is
observed. In the stable flow region , three
flow regimes can be distinguished that depend on how close is to
: i) : Bagnold rheology, characterized by a
mean particle velocity in the direction of flow that scales as
, for a pile of height , ii)
: the slow flow regime, characterized by a linear
velocity profile with depth, and iii) : avalanche flow
characterized by a slow underlying creep motion combined with occasional free
surface events and large energy fluctuations. We also probe the physics of the
initiation and cessation of flow. The results are compared to several recent
experimental studies on chute flows and suggest that differences between
measured velocity profiles in these experiments may simply be a consequence of
how far the system is from jamming.Comment: 19 pages, 14 figs, submitted to Physics of Fluid
Rheology and Contact Lifetime Distribution in Dense Granular Flows
We study the rheology and distribution of interparticle contact lifetimes for
gravity-driven, dense granular flows of non-cohesive particles down an inclined
plane using large-scale, three dimensional, granular dynamics simulations.
Rather than observing a large number of long-lived contacts as might be
expected for dense flows, brief binary collisions predominate. In the hard
particle limit, the rheology conforms to Bagnold scaling, where the shear
stress is quadratic in the strain rate. As the particles are made softer,
however, we find significant deviations from Bagnold rheology; the material
flows more like a viscous fluid. We attribute this change in the collective
rheology of the material to subtle changes in the contact lifetime distribution
involving the increasing lifetime and number of the long-lived contacts in the
softer particle systems.Comment: 4 page
Tuning Jammed Frictionless Disk Packings from Isostatic to Hyperstatic
We perform extensive computational studies of two-dimensional static
bidisperse disk packings using two distinct packing-generation protocols. The
first involves thermally quenching equilibrated liquid configurations to zero
temperature over a range of thermal quench rates and initial packing
fractions followed by compression and decompression in small steps to reach
packing fractions at jamming onset. For the second, we seed the system
with initial configurations that promote micro- and macrophase-separated
packings followed by compression and decompression to . We find that
amorphous, isostatic packings exist over a finite range of packing fractions
from in the large-system limit,
with . In agreement with previous calculations,
we obtain for , where is the rate
above which is insensitive to rate. We further compare the structural
and mechanical properties of isostatic versus hyperstatic packings. The
structural characterizations include the contact number, bond orientational
order, and mixing ratios of the large and small particles. We find that the
isostatic packings are positionally and compositionally disordered, whereas
bond-orientational and compositional order increase with contact number for
hyperstatic packings. In addition, we calculate the static shear modulus and
normal mode frequencies of the static packings to understand the extent to
which the mechanical properties of amorphous, isostatic packings are different
from partially ordered packings. We find that the mechanical properties of the
packings change continuously as the contact number increases from isostatic to
hyperstatic.Comment: 11 pages, 15 figure
Isostaticity in two dimensional pile of rigid disks
We study the static structure of piles made of polydisperse disks in the
rigid limit with and without friction using molecular dynamic simulations for
various elasticities of the disks and pile preparation procedures. The
coordination numbers are calculated to examine the isostaticity of the pile
structure. For the frictionless pile, it is demonstrated that the coordination
number converges to 4 in the rigid limit, which implies that the structure of
rigid disk pile is isostatic. On the other hand, for the frictional case with
the infinite friction constant, the coordination number depends on the
preparation procedure of the pile, but we find that the structure becomes very
close to isostatic with the coordination number close to 3 in the rigid limit
when the pile is formed through the process that tends to make a pile of random
configuration.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures, Submitted to J. Phys. Soc. Jp
Geometric origin of excess low-frequency vibrational modes in amorphous solids
Glasses have a large excess of low-frequency vibrational modes in comparison
with crystalline solids. We show that such a feature is a necessary consequence
of the geometry generic to weakly connected solids. In particular, we analyze
the density of states of a recently simulated system, comprised of weakly
compressed spheres at zero temperature. We account for the observed a)
constancy of the density of modes with frequency, b) appearance of a
low-frequency cutoff, and c) power-law increase of this cutoff with
compression. We predict a length scale below which vibrations are very
different from those of a continuous elastic body.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures. Argument rewritten, identical result
Isostaticity, auxetic response, surface modes, and conformal invariance in twisted kagome lattices
Model lattices consisting of balls connected by central-force springs provide
much of our understanding of mechanical response and phonon structure of real
materials. Their stability depends critically on their coordination number .
-dimensional lattices with are at the threshold of mechanical
stability and are isostatic. Lattices with exhibit zero-frequency
"floppy" modes that provide avenues for lattice collapse. The physics of
systems as diverse as architectural structures, network glasses, randomly
packed spheres, and biopolymer networks is strongly influenced by a nearby
isostatic lattice. We explore elasticity and phonons of a special class of
two-dimensional isostatic lattices constructed by distorting the kagome
lattice. We show that the phonon structure of these lattices, characterized by
vanishing bulk moduli and thus negative Poisson ratios and auxetic elasticity,
depends sensitively on boundary conditions and on the nature of the kagome
distortions. We construct lattices that under free boundary conditions exhibit
surface floppy modes only or a combination of both surface and bulk floppy
modes; and we show that bulk floppy modes present under free boundary
conditions are also present under periodic boundary conditions but that surface
modes are not. In the the long-wavelength limit, the elastic theory of all
these lattices is a conformally invariant field theory with holographic
properties, and the surface waves are Rayleigh waves. We discuss our results in
relation to recent work on jammed systems. Our results highlight the importance
of network architecture in determining floppy-mode structure.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figure
Effects of compression on the vibrational modes of marginally jammed solids
Glasses have a large excess of low-frequency vibrational modes in comparison
with most crystalline solids. We show that such a feature is a necessary
consequence of the weak connectivity of the solid, and that the frequency of
modes in excess is very sensitive to the pressure. We analyze in particular two
systems whose density D(w) of vibrational modes of angular frequency w display
scaling behaviors with the packing fraction: (i) simulations of jammed packings
of particles interacting through finite-range, purely repulsive potentials,
comprised of weakly compressed spheres at zero temperature and (ii) a system
with the same network of contacts, but where the force between any particles in
contact (and therefore the total pressure) is set to zero. We account in the
two cases for the observed a) convergence of D(w) toward a non-zero constant as
w goes to 0, b) appearance of a low-frequency cutoff w*, and c) power-law
increase of w* with compression. Differences between these two systems occur at
lower frequency. The density of states of the modified system displays an
abrupt plateau that appears at w*, below which we expect the system to behave
as a normal, continuous, elastic body. In the unmodified system, the pressure
lowers the frequency of the modes in excess. The requirement of stability
despite the destabilizing effect of pressure yields a lower bound on the number
of extra contact per particle dz: dz > p^(1/2), which generalizes the Maxwell
criterion for rigidity when pressure is present. This scaling behavior is
observed in the simulations. We finally discuss how the cooling procedure can
affect the microscopic structure and the density of normal modes.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figure
Inter-hospital dissemination of glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecalis in Brazil
The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 73 glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolates from nine hospitals in Brazil were analysed by the disk diffusion method and Etests. Isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and vancomycin resistance genes were detected by PCR. the isolates shared a single major PFGE pattern, with six subtypes, and all were positive for vanA. These results indicate the occurrence of inter-hospital dissemination of glycopeptide-resistant E. faecalis in São Paulo, and raise concerns about the rapid dissemination of this pathogen throughout Brazil.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM, Lab Especial Microbiol, BR-04025010 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM, Lab Especial Microbiol, BR-04025010 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc
Density of states in random lattices with translational invariance
We propose a random matrix approach to describe vibrational excitations in
disordered systems. The dynamical matrix M is taken in the form M=AA^T where A
is some real (not generally symmetric) random matrix. It guaranties that M is a
positive definite matrix which is necessary for mechanical stability of the
system. We built matrix A on a simple cubic lattice with translational
invariance and interaction between nearest neighbors. We found that for certain
type of disorder phonons cannot propagate through the lattice and the density
of states g(w) is a constant at small w. The reason is a breakdown of affine
assumptions and inapplicability of the elasticity theory. Young modulus goes to
zero in the thermodynamic limit. It strongly reminds of the properties of a
granular matter at the jamming transition point. Most of the vibrations are
delocalized and similar to diffusons introduced by Allen, Feldman et al., Phil.
Mag. B v.79, 1715 (1999).Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
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