3,713 research outputs found
Are Courts Phoning It in? Resolving Problematic Reasoning in the Debate over Warrantless Searches of Cell Phones Incident to Arrest
In 1973, the United States Supreme Court in United States v. Robinson granted police broad authority to search arrestees’ personal property. Robinson’s broad rule has not been significantly limited and appears increasingly anachronistic in an age of rapidly advancing mobile technologies. Whether upholding or invalidating such searches, courts have relied on reasoning that ignores or conflicts with Robinson. This Article illustrates four problematic contrivances used by state and federal courts: (1) the comparison of mobile devices to “containers; (2) the misinterpretation of United States v. Chadwick’s concept of “property not immediately associated with the person;” (3) the unjustifiable application of Arizona v. Gant’s “reason to believe” rationale; and (4) the baseless categorical exclusion of cell phones from the search incident doctrine. In light of the public’s apparently high expectation of privacy for information stored on mobile devices, this Article recommends two possible solutions for restricting police authority: (1) return to an exigency-based rationale following Chimel v. California or (2) look to state legislatures to curb police powers through law making
Perception of pain as a result of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances
The aims of this study were to investigate the intensity, location and duration of patients' discomfort following insertion of orthodontic appliances, and to examine for interactions between patient age, gender, appliance type and the perception of pain. After insertion of orthodontic appliances, 170 patients received eight questionnaires, one they completed and returned after 4 h, then one daily for 7 days. The respondents' ages ranged from 8-53 years (median age 13 years 7 months); 45 per cent were male and 55 per cent female. Of the patients, 65 per cent reported pain after 4 h and 95 per cent after 24 h. After 7 days, 25 per cent of the patients still reported discomfort. Patients' pain intensity scores were significantly higher for the anterior than for the posterior teeth. On day 1, 16 per cent took analgesics and 18 per cent reported being awakened the first night. Comparing a 2 Ă— 4 appliance, a full appliance in one arch and in both arches, no statistical differences were found for reported pain frequency, general intensity of pain, pain at the teeth, discomfort when biting and chewing and analgesic consumption. The perception of general pain intensity, analgesic consumption, pain when eating and the influence of discomfort on daily life were all significantly greater in girls than in boys. Patients younger than 13 years reported pain significantly less frequently than the older patients. The highest frequency of pain was found in the group of 13-16 year olds. The pain intensity did not differ among the age group
Electronic structure study by means of X-ray spectroscopy and theoretical calculations of the "ferric star" single molecule magnet
The electronic structure of the single molecule magnet system
M[Fe(L)2]3*4CHCl3 (M=Fe,Cr; L=CH3N(CH2CH2O)2) has been studied using X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, soft X-ray emission
spectroscopy, and density functional calculations. There is good agreement
between theoretical calculations and experimental data. The valence band mainly
consists of three bands between 2 eV and 30 eV. Both theory and experiments
show that the top of the valence band is dominated by the hybridization between
Fe 3d and O 2p bands. From the shape of the Fe 2p spectra it is argued that Fe
in the molecule is most likely in the 2+ charge state. Its neighboring atoms
(O,N) exhibit a magnetic polarisation yielding effective spin S=5/2 per iron
atom, giving a high spin state molecule with a total S=5 effective spin for the
case of M = Fe.Comment: Fig.2 replaced as it will appear in J. Chem. Phy
Sum-over-states vs quasiparticle pictures of coherent correlation spectroscopy of excitons in semiconductors; femtosecond analogues of multidimensional NMR
Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCS) based on the nonlinear
optical response of excitons to sequences of ultrafast pulses, has the
potential to provide some unique insights into carrier dynamics in
semiconductors. The most prominent feature of 2DCS, cross peaks, can best be
understood using a sum-over-states picture involving the many-body eigenstates.
However, the optical response of semiconductors is usually calculated by
solving truncated equations of motion for dynamical variables, which result in
a quasiparticle picture. In this work we derive Green's function expressions
for the four wave mixing signals generated in various phase-matching directions
and use them to establish the connection between the two pictures. The formal
connection with Frenkel excitons (hard-core bosons) and vibrational excitons
(soft-core bosons) is pointed out.Comment: Accepted to Phys. Rev.
Alpine resources : assets for a promising future-conclusions from the ForumAlpinum 2014
Alpine resources will play a crucial role in the development of the European Alpine region: They are triggering genuine innovations in technology, social and cultural institutions, property ownership, and economic valuation. Natural, social, cultural, and economic resources are crucial assets for sustainable development in Alpine regions. This was reason enough for the International Scientific Committee for Alpine Research (ISCAR), an organization in which the Interacademic Commission for Alpine Studies (ICAS) represents the Swiss Academies, to make Alpine resources the main topic of the 2014 ForumAlpinum. ICAS invited ISCAR to report on the outcomes of the Forum
KineticNet: Deep learning a transferable kinetic energy functional for orbital-free density functional theory
Orbital-free density functional theory (OF-DFT) holds the promise to compute
ground state molecular properties at minimal cost. However, it has been held
back by our inability to compute the kinetic energy as a functional of the
electron density only. We here set out to learn the kinetic energy functional
from ground truth provided by the more expensive Kohn-Sham density functional
theory. Such learning is confronted with two key challenges: Giving the model
sufficient expressivity and spatial context while limiting the memory footprint
to afford computations on a GPU; and creating a sufficiently broad distribution
of training data to enable iterative density optimization even when starting
from a poor initial guess. In response, we introduce KineticNet, an equivariant
deep neural network architecture based on point convolutions adapted to the
prediction of quantities on molecular quadrature grids. Important contributions
include convolution filters with sufficient spatial resolution in the vicinity
of the nuclear cusp, an atom-centric sparse but expressive architecture that
relays information across multiple bond lengths; and a new strategy to generate
varied training data by finding ground state densities in the face of
perturbations by a random external potential. KineticNet achieves, for the
first time, chemical accuracy of the learned functionals across input densities
and geometries of tiny molecules. For two electron systems, we additionally
demonstrate OF-DFT density optimization with chemical accuracy.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure
Dynamic extensions of batch systems with cloud resources
Compute clusters use Portable Batch Systems (PBS) to distribute workload among individual cluster machines. To extend standard batch systems to Cloud infrastructures, a new service monitors the number of queued jobs and keeps track of the price of available resources. This meta-scheduler dynamically adapts the number of Cloud worker nodes according to the requirement profile. Two different worker node topologies are presented and tested on the Amazon EC2 Cloud service
Update on thyroid eye disease and management
Thyroid eye disease is a heterogeneous autoimmune orbital reaction typically manifesting in middle age. The inflammation may parallel or remain isolated from a related inflammatory cascade in the thyroid called Graves’ disease. The orbital manifestations can lead to severe proptosis, dry eyes, strabismus, and optic neuropathy. In this article, we will discuss this unique condition including the ophthalmic findings and management
Challenges of the LHC Computing Grid by the CMS experiment
This document summarises the status of the existing grid infrastructure and functionality for the high-energy physics experiment CMS and the expertise in operation attained during the so-called ”Computing, Software and Analysis Challenge” performed in 2006 (CSA06). This report is especially focused on the role of the participating computing centres in Germany located at Karlsruhe, Hamburg and Aachen
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