Willy Brandt’s Ostpolitik: The Changing Role in United States-West German Relations, an Analysis of United States Government Internal Documents

This thesis analyzes a crucial period in the relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States of America, through the use of US government internal documents. Willy Brandt brought forth a new vision of Ostpolitik that was starkly different from policies that the US had dealt with before, subsequently leaving the Nixon Administration largely unsure of how to react. The change in FRG economic positioning vis-à-vis the United States, and catalyst political events in the 1960’s, created the impetus for Brandt’s vision of OStpolitik, which culminated in the interim West German control of the Western Alliance’s Eastern Politics

Control of gradient-driven instabilities using shear Alfv\'en beat waves

A new technique for manipulation and control of gradient-driven instabilities through nonlinear interaction with Alfv\'en waves in a laboratory plasma is presented. A narrow field-aligned density depletion is created in the Large Plasma Device (LAPD), resulting in coherent unstable fluctuations on the periphery of the depletion. Two independent kinetic Alfv\'en waves are launched along the depletion at separate frequencies, creating a nonlinear beat-wave response at or near the frequency of the original instability. When the beat-wave has sufficient amplitude, the original unstable mode is suppressed, leaving only the beat-wave response at a different frequency, generally at lower amplitude.Comment: Submitted for Publication in Physical Review Letters. Revision 2 reflects changes suggested by referees for PRL submission. One figure removed, several major changes to another figure, and a number of major and minor changes to the tex

Professionalism as the basis of the quality of the educational process at the university

Discusses the relationship between mental and physical labor and the negative impact of the lack of compensatory physical activity. The dominant role of family education in the process of formation of physical culture especially in the pre-school period is emphasized. The influence of motor activity and hormonal activity on human consciousness and its formation through physical exercises is shownОбсуждаются вопросы взаимосвязи между умственным и физическим трудом и негативного влияния отсутствия компенсационной двигательной активности. Подчеркивается доминирующая роль семейного воспитания в процессе формирования физической культуры, особенно в дошкольный период. Показано влияние двигательной деятельности и гормональной активности посредством физических упражнений на сознание человека и его формировани

Phytoplankton-aloricate ciliate community in the Bahía Blanca Estuary (Argentina): seasonal patterns and trophic groups

O padrão sazonal da comunidade de fitoplâncton-ciliados aloricados é um indicador adequado das relações tróficas e reciclagem de nutrientes nos ambientes costeiros. A abundância, biomassa e composição da comunidade de fitoplâncton-ciliados foram determinadas por classes de tamanho durante um ciclo anual no estuário de Bahía Blanca. Além disso, foram estimadas também a produção e as taxas de excreção de ciliados. Uma floração de diatomáceas no período de fim de inverno e início de primavera foi o acontecimento mais importante do ciclo anual. Para avaliar a significância do tamanho do fitoplâncton em relação ao tamanho dos ciliados, foram determinadas as frações de clorofila de ; 25 µm. A fração ; 10(5)µm³foram indicadoras dapresença dediferentes grupos tróficos e, consequentemente, da variedade das suas presas potenciais. Os ciliados pequenos dominaram em abundância e os maiores em biomassa. A abundância total de ciliados variou de 0,2 a 5,2 x 10³ células L-1 e de 0,55 a 83,9 µg C L-1. A concentração de clorofila a total de até 40,4 µg L -1 foi superior às registradas em outros sistemas de estuários em regiões temperadas. Os ciliados menores foram importantes como regeneradores de nitrogênio no verão e na primavera, quando a sua produção estimada foi mais alta. A produção potencial anual de 3 mg C L-1 representa um importante parâmetro de referência na qual possíveis mudanças do status trófico deste ambiente podem ser previstas.The seasonal pattern of the phytoplankton-aloricate ciliate community is an adequate indicator of trophic coupling and nutrient cycling in coastal environments. The size-fractionated, abundance, biomass and composition of a phytoplankton-aloricate ciliate community were ascertained in the Bahía Blanca Estuary from February 1994 to February 1995. In addition, ciliate production and excretion rates by size class were estimated. A winter-early spring diatom bloom was the most important event in the annual cycle. To evaluate the significance of phytoplankton size in the food web, ; 25 µm fractions of chlorophyll a were determined; the < 25 µm fraction was dominant. To classify the ciliate community in trophic groups, it was divided into volume-size classes, from ; 10(5) µm³; this wide range of size indicated the potential prey. The smaller ciliates dominated abundance but the larger ones dominated biomass. Values of total ciliates, ranging from 0.2 to 5.2 x 10³ cells L-1 and 0.55 to 83.9 µg C L-1, and levels of total chlorophyll a reached 40.4 µg L-1 and were higher than those recorded for other temperate estuarine systems. The smaller ciliates were potentially important as nitrogen regenerators in summer and spring, when their estimated production was highest. The annual potential production of 3 mg C L-1 represents a reference parameter from which possible changes in the trophic status of this environment could be predicted

Legal Control Over Copyright Protection Using Blockchain Technology

The development of digital information technologies predetermined the need to develop technical and legal mechanisms of copyright protection. Now the share of copyright in the national economies of most countries is very significant and continues to grow, the main task of national legal systems is to find and implement technical and legal solutions to protect copyright from digital piracy. One of these solutions is block chain technology. The relevance of the research topic rests at the novelty of this technology and the lack of study of issues in the field of theory and law enforcement related to the adaptation and legitimation of relations using block chain technologies, including in the field of copyright protection. The purpose of this article is to analyze the legal qualifications of block chain technology and its application in the field of copyright protection, legitimization of relations associated with the use of block chain technologies in the field of copyright protection. The study revealed that the block chain has features that allow for classification of this technology as a type of technical means of copyright protection, which is the theoretical significance of this study. It has been established that in the field of copyright protection, the block chain performs the function of fixing and confirming the legitimacy of ownership by the author or other right holder of the corresponding work, and provides control over access to the work during authorized use. In the course of the study, the authors assessed the provisions of the current procedural legislation for the use of block chain technologies as evidence in court proceedings for copyright protection and revealed that information from the block chain, including those confirming authorship, can be recognized by the courts as evidence

Signatures of Electronic Correlations in Optical Properties of LaFeAsO1−x_{1-x}Fx_x

Spectroscopic ellipsometry is used to determine the dielectric function of the superconducting LaFeAsO$_{0.9}$F$_{0.1}$ ($T_c$ = 27 K) and undoped LaFeAsO polycrystalline samples in the wide range 0.01-6.5 eV at temperatures 10 $\leq T \leq$ 350 K. The free charge carrier response in both samples is heavily damped with the effective carrier density as low as 0.040$\pm$0.005 electrons per unit cell. The spectral weight transfer in the undoped LaFeAsO associated with opening of the pseudogap at about 0.65 eV is restricted at energies below 2 eV. The spectra of superconducting LaFeAsO$_{0.9}$F$_{0.1}$ reveal a significant transfer of the spectral weight to a broad optical band above 4 eV with increasing temperature. Our data may imply that the electronic states near the Fermi surface are strongly renormalized due to electron-phonon and/or electron-electron interactions.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, units in Fig.2 adde