Decision Making in Optimizing a Product of a Small Scale Industry: A Bayesian Analysis Approach

This paper intends to find Expected monetary value (EMV), Expected opportunity loss (EOL) and conditional profit of the main product (Mukta) of a small scale industry–“ORGAMAN” situated at Jorhat District of Assam. To meet the above specific objectives, the method of Bayesian Analysis has been adopted. The data used in this endeavor is secondary in nature, collected by direct personal investigation. As per prior information, the target of the industry is to produce a minimum of 50 MT (low production) of product and a maximum of 350 MT (high production) of the same per month. The prior analysis reveals that the expected monetary value and expected opportunity loss are optimum against high production. Based on both the prior analysis and posterior analysis, it is observed that the profit for the product of the industry is maximum against high production of 350 MT per month. Although, the profit based on posterior analysis is slightly high, it seems that the additional amount of money has to be spend to collect additional information for posterior analysis

High Resolution Methylome Map of Rat Indicates Role of Intragenic DNA Methylation in Identification of Coding Region

DNA methylation is crucial for gene regulation and maintenance of genomic stability. Rat has been a key model system in understanding mammalian systemic physiology, however detailed rat methylome remains uncharacterized till date. Here, we present the first high resolution methylome of rat liver generated using Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and high throughput sequencing (MeDIP-Seq) approach. We observed that within the DNA/RNA repeat elements, simple repeats harbor the highest degree of methylation. Promoter hypomethylation and exon hypermethylation were common features in both RefSeq genes and expressed genes (as evaluated by proteomic approach). We also found that although CpG islands were generally hypomethylated, about 6% of them were methylated and a large proportion (37%) of methylated islands fell within the exons. Notably, we obeserved significant differences in methylation of terminal exons (UTRs); methylation being more pronounced in coding/partially coding exons compared to the non-coding exons. Further, events like alternate exon splicing (cassette exon) and intron retentions were marked by DNA methylation and these regions are retained in the final transcript. Thus, we suggest that DNA methylation could play a crucial role in marking coding regions thereby regulating alternative splicing. Apart from generating the first high resolution methylome map of rat liver tissue, the present study provides several critical insights into methylome organization and extends our understanding of interplay between epigenome, gene expression and genome stability

Notes on herbal treatment practiced by the people of fringe villages of Manas National Park, India

155-160The Manas National Park spread across Baksa and Chirang districts in Assam where the Bhutan Hills rolls down towards the northern part. Altogether 62 fringe villages are located on the southern side of the Park. The present communication deals with the herbal recipes of 49 plant species belonging to 35 families administered against 30 diseases/ailments among the people of the fringe villages. The recipes along with mode of preparation and use, and dose presented in the paper are part of the empiric knowledge confined to the common people of the area.

<smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"><smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"> Crystal and molecular structure of <i style="">o</i>-thiobenzyl-N,N-dibenzylaniline (C₂₇H₂₅NS) </smarttagtype></smarttagtype>

172-174In crystals of o-thiobenzyl N,N-dibenzylaniline (I) (C27H25NS), there are three benzyl groups. N atom is two covalent with the C atoms of the two benzyl groups and the S atom is covalent with the C atom of the other benzyl group. The distances N1-C21, N1-C14 and S1-C7 have been found to be 1.489(4), 1.488(9) and 1.832(8)Å, respectively. The molecule is as a whole non-planar. The S1 and the N1 atoms make intramolecular hydrogen bonding. No intermolecular hydrogen bonding has been found and the molecules are stabilised by the network of Van der Waals interaction in their crystalline assembly

Caroli's Disease: A case report

Caroli's disease (CD) is a rare congenital abnormality characterized by dilatation of intra-hepatic bile ducts, recurrent cholangitis, formation of calculi inside these ducts with normal extra hepatic ducts and higher risk for cholangiocarcinoma. Association of this disease with congenital hepatic fibrosis is named as Caroli's syndrome. We reported 30 years old women with recurrent epigastric pain for 2 years with normal Liver function Test however involving both lobes of liver who developed cholangiocarcinoma approximately 6 months later. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2012, Vol-8, No-3, 51-54 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v8i3.8685</p

<smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place" downloadurl="http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/"><smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City" downloadurl="http://www.5iamas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"> Crystal and molecular structure of 2-thiobenzylazobenzene (C₁₉H₁₆N₂S) </smarttagtype></smarttagtype>

863-866The title compound (I, W=X=Y=H, Z = CH2Ph) is a divalent organosulphur compound of the type Ar-S-Z belonging to the class of ortho mercaptoazo compounds. The azo group is moved away from the sulphenyl sulphur atom to attain the stable trans azo configuration. The sulphur atom has used hybrid orbitals (sp3) and not pure p-orbitals for the bond formation. The benzyl units attached to the sulphenyl sulphur and the 2-benylazo unit are moved away from each other for steric reason. The molecule is as a whole non-planar but N1 and N2 atoms are coplanar with the respective phenyl rings to which they are attached. The S1 atom is coplanar with the phenyl group to which it is attached. The dihedral angle between the mean planes passing through the atoms of the thiophenyl group and the benzyl group is 75(1)°. There is no intermolecular hydrogen bond and the molecule is stabilised by the network of Van der Waal's interaction in their crystalline assembly

Effects of Chronic Menthol at Alpha3Beta4 (α3β4)-Containing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

Some heteropentameric nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are up-regulated by chronic nicotine. Menthol is present in ∼ 30% of tobacco cigarettes sold in the United States. Compared with non-mentholated cigarettes, menthol-containing cigarettes are associated with reduced smoking cessation. Chronic menthol favors the lower sensitivity (α4)3(β2)2, whereas chronic nicotine favors the higher sensitivity (α4)2(β2)3 stoichiometry. Following chronic nicotine treatment, total cell lysates displayed a shift in stoichiometry towards (α3)2(β4)3 from (α3)3(β4)2. α3β4 nAChRs are highly expressed in the medial habenula and interpeduncular nuclei, which are involved in reward processing, and possibly nicotine addiction and withdrawal. We studied effects following chronic treatment (at least 24 hours) of 500 nM menthol at α3β4 nAChR using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), and whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology of Neuro-2a cells transiently expressing fluorescently labeled subunits. FRET experiments indicated a shift in stoichiometry toward (α3)3(β4)2 from (α3)2(β4)3. TIRFM experiments revealed α3 subunit up-regulation in the endoplasmic reticulum and α3β4 nAChR reduction in the plasma membrane. Our FRET experiments, however, include contributions from intracellular α3β4 nAChR stoichiometry. In contrast, patch clamp experiments measuring Zn2+ inhibition of acetylcholine-evoked currents indicate exclusively the functional cell surface α3β4 nAChR stoichiometry. Neither chronic menthol, chronic nicotine, nor combined chronic menthol and nicotine detectably alters Zn2+ inhibition of acetylcholine, showing that neither alters functional plasma membrane α3β4 nAChR stoichiometry. Furthermore, chronic menthol treatment shifts by < 1.5-fold the EC50 of acetylcholine at α3β4 nAChRs. These findings are consistent with our fluorescence-based experiments showing a reduction in endoplasmic reticulum exit sites following chronic menthol, which consequently reduces α3β4 nAChR delivery to the plasma membrane. Therefore, despite their intracellular effects, neither menthol nor nicotine influences cell surface α3β4 nAChR stoichiometry. Support: DA037743, DA036061, DA40047