Physiological Response of Three Grapevine Cultivars Grown In North-Western Poland to Mycorrhizal Fungi

West Pomerania (Poland) is located near the northern boundary of the range of viticulture (the coldest zone A). Unfavourable weather conditions can pose a serious threat to the cultivated vines. One of the treatments used to increase the tolerance of plants to abiotic and biotic stresses is inoculation with symbiotic soil microorganisms. This paper focuses on the influence of mycorrhization on the changes in soil microbiology, the degree of colonization of roots by mycorrhizal fungi, and on selected physiologicalparameters of three grapevine cultivars (‘Pinot Noir’ on SO4 rootstock, ‘Regent’ on 5BB rootstock, and ‘Rondo’ on 125AA rootstock). The applied inoculation had a stimulating effect on the colonization of roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, as evidenced by higher mycorrhizal frequency and intensity in the mycorrhized plants. The mycorrhizal treatment increased the intensity of CO2 assimilation and transpiration. Mycorrhization reduced the efficiency of photosynthetic water use and increased stomatal conductance for water in the grapevines tested. The mycorrhizal treatment did not affect the concentration of assimilation pigments in vine leaves. The mycorrhization of grapevines had no effect on the values of initial fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, the maximum potential efficiency of photochemical reaction in PS II, the size of the pool of reduced electron acceptors in PS II, nor on the value of the PS II vitality index

Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Rhizosphere of Solaris and Regent Grapevine Plants Treated with Bioproducts

The aim of this study was to identify the spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the rhizosphere of Solaris and Regent grapevine plants grafted onto SO4 rootstock and treated with bioproducts. The bioproducts Ausuma, Bioilsa, manure and BF Ekomix were tested and applied on their own, or combined with standard mineral fertilisation (NPK). The applied bioproducts contributed to an increase in the number of species of mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere soil of the grapevines. The most frequently occurring AMF species was Claroideoglomus claroideum. Biopreparation BF Ekomix was a promisingagent for increasing the number of AMF spores in the rhizosphere of Regent grapevines. In the rhizosphere of Solaris, a positive influence on the number of spores occurred after the application of Bioilsa

An international assessment of the adoption of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS (R)) principles across colorectal units in 2019-2020

Aim The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS (R)) Society guidelines aim to standardize perioperative care in colorectal surgery via 25 principles. We aimed to assess the variation in uptake of these principles across an international network of colorectal units. Method An online survey was circulated amongst European Society of Coloproctology members in 2019-2020. For each ERAS principle, respondents were asked to score how frequently the principle was implemented in their hospital, from 1 ('rarely') to 4 ('always'). Respondents were also asked to recall whether practice had changed since 2017. Subgroup analyses based on hospital characteristics were conducted. Results Of hospitals approached, 58% responded to the survey (195/335), with 296 individual responses (multiple responses were received from some hospitals). The majority were European (163/195, 83.6%). Overall, respondents indicated they 'most often' or 'always' adhered to most individual ERAS principles (18/25, 72%). Variability in the uptake of principles was reported, with universal uptake of some principles (e.g., prophylactic antibiotics; early mobilization) and inconsistency from 'rarely' to 'always' in others (e.g., no nasogastric intubation; no preoperative fasting and carbohydrate drinks). In alignment with 2018 ERAS guideline updates, adherence to principles for prehabilitation, managing anaemia and postoperative nutrition appears to have increased since 2017. Conclusions Uptake of ERAS principles varied across hospitals, and not all 25 principles were equally adhered to. Whilst some principles exhibited a high level of acceptance, others had a wide variability in uptake indicative of controversy or barriers to uptake. Further research into specific principles is required to improve ERAS implementation

Biochars in soils : towards the required level of scientific understanding

Key priorities in biochar research for future guidance of sustainable policy development have been identified by expert assessment within the COST Action TD1107. The current level of scientific understanding (LOSU) regarding the consequences of biochar application to soil were explored. Five broad thematic areas of biochar research were addressed: soil biodiversity and ecotoxicology, soil organic matter and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil physical properties, nutrient cycles and crop production, and soil remediation. The highest future research priorities regarding biochar's effects in soils were: functional redundancy within soil microbial communities, bioavailability of biochar's contaminants to soil biota, soil organic matter stability, GHG emissions, soil formation, soil hydrology, nutrient cycling due to microbial priming as well as altered rhizosphere ecology, and soil pH buffering capacity. Methodological and other constraints to achieve the required LOSU are discussed and options for efficient progress of biochar research and sustainable application to soil are presented.Peer reviewe

Isolated hypercholesterolemia leads to steatosis in the liver without affecting the pancreas

Abstract Background Lipid accumulation in the liver and pancreas is primarily caused by combined hyperlipidemia. However, the effect of isolated hypercholesterolemia without hypertriglyceridemia is not fully described. Therefore, our aim was to investigate whether hypercholesterolemia alone leads to alterations both in hepatic and pancreatic lipid panel and histology in rats. Methods Male Wistar rats were fed with 2% cholesterol +0.25% cholate-supplemented diet or standard chow for 12 weeks. Blood was collected at weeks 0, 4, 8 and 12 to measure serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. At week 12, both the pancreas and the liver were isolated for further histological and biochemical analysis. Hepatic and plasma fatty acid composition was assessed by gas chromatography. Expression of mRNA of major enzymes involved in saturated/unsaturated fatty acid synthesis was analyzed by qPCR. In separate experiments serum enzyme activities and insulin levels were measured at week 9. Results At week 12, rats fed with 2% cholesterol +0.25% cholate-supplemented diet were characterized by elevated serum cholesterol (4.09 ± 0.20 vs. 2.89 ± 0.22 mmol/L, *p < 0.05) while triglyceride (2.27 ± 0.05 vs. 2.03 ± 0.03 mmol/L) and glucose levels (5.32 ± 0.14 vs. 5.23 ± 0.10 mmol/L) remained unchanged. Isolated hypercholesterolemia increased hepatic lipid accumulation, hepatic cholesterol (5.86 ± 0.22 vs. 1.60 ± 0.15 ng/g tissue, *p < 0.05) and triglyceride contents (19.28 ± 1.42 vs. 6.78 ± 0.71 ng/g tissue, *p < 0.05), and hepatic nitrotyrosine level (4.07 ± 0.52 vs. 2.59 ± 0.31 ng/mg protein, *p < 0.05). The histology and tissue lipid content of the pancreas was not affected. Serum total protein level, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities remained unchanged in response to isolated hypercholesterolemia while serum alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) significantly increased. Plasma insulin levels did not change in response to isolated hypercholesterolemia suggesting an intact endocrine function of the pancreas. Isolated hypercholesterolemia caused a significantly increased hepatic and serum fatty acid level associated with a marked alteration of fatty acid composition. Hepatic expression of Δ9-desaturase (SCD1) was increased 4.92×, while expression of Δ5-desaturase and Δ6-desaturase were decreased (0.447× and 0.577×, respectively) due to isolated hypercholesterolemia. Conclusions Isolated hypercholesterolemia leads to hepatic steatosis and marked alterations in the hepatic lipid profile without affecting the pancreas. Altered fatty acid profile might mediate harmful effects of cholesterol in the liver

Wpływ biopreparatów na wzrost systemu korzeniowego oraz efektywność mikrobiologii ryzosfery jabłoni

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of various biopreparations on the growth of the apple root system, the number of spores of AMF, the total number of bacteria and microscopic fungi in the rhizosphere soil, and the degree of mycorrhizal association in the roots of two apple tree cultivars. The experiment was established in the spring of 2009 in the Experimental Orchard of the Institute of Horticulture in Dąbrowice. The research objects were one-year-old maidens of the apple cultivars ‘Topaz’ and ‘Ariva’ grafted on M26 rootstock. The trees were treated with the following biopreparations: control, control NPK (standard NPK fertilization), manure, Micosat F + manure, Humus UP, Humus Active + Aktywit PM, BioFeed Amin + manure, BioFeed Quality + manure, Tytanit + manure, Vinassa + manure, Florovit Eko, and Florovit Pro Natura. Treatment of ‘Topaz’ and ‘Ariva’ apple trees with the biopreparations Micosat F, Humus UP, Humus Active + Aktywit PM, BioFeed Amin, Vinassa, Florovit Eko and Florovit Pro Natura produced positive effects on the growth of apple roots and their mycorrhizal frequency, and the size of the populations of microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil.Celem badań było określenie wpływu różnych biopreparatów na wzrost systemu korzeniowego, liczbę zarodników grzybów mikoryzowych, ogólną liczbę bakterii i grzybów mikroskopowych w glebie rizosferowej oraz stopień asocjacji mikoryzowej w korzeniach dwóch odmian jabłoni. Doświadczenie założono wiosną 2009 r. w Sadzie Doświadczalnym Instytutu Ogrodnictwa w Dąbrowicach. Obiektem badań były jednoroczne okulanty jabłoni odmian Topaz i Ariva szczepione na podkładce M26. Rośliny traktowano następującymi biopreparatami: kontrola, kontrola NPK, obornik, Micosat F + obornik, Humus UP, Humus Active + Aktywit PM, BioFeed Amin + obornik, BioFeed Quality + obornik, Tytanit + obornik, Vinassa + obornik, Florovit Eco oraz preparat Florovit Pro Nature. Traktowanie drzew jabłoni ‘Topaz’ i ‘Ariva’ biopreparatami Micosat F, Humus UP, Humus Active + Aktywit PM, BioFeed Amin, Vinassa, Florovit Eco oraz Florovit Pro Nature wpłynęło korzystnie na wzrost korzeni, stopień frekwencji mikoryzowej i wielkość populacji mikroorganizmów w glebie rizosferowej

Distribution of mycorrhizal fungi on selected plants in the Kurówka River valley communities

Badania grzybów mikoryzowych prowadzono w latach 2005-2007 w zlewni rzeki Kurówka, w trzech transektach (TI, TII, TIII) na dwudziestu czterech stanowiskach. Transekty poprowadzono od wyniesienia terenu do rzeki. Badaniami objęto uprawy zbóż, zbiorowiska zaroślowe i łąkowe z klasy Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, zbiorowiska szuwarowe z klasy Phragmitetea oraz zarośla wierzbowe z klasy Alnetea glutinosae. Próbki gleby z korzeniami roślin pobierano z warstwy powierzchniowej (do 25 cm), z każdego stanowiska. Na każdym stanowisku pobierano korzenie dominujących gatunków roślin zielnych, krzewów oraz drzew - łącznie pobrano korzenie 30 gatunków roślin. Korzenie płukano pod bieżącą wodą i w przypadku grzybów ektomikoryzowych (EMG) analizowano pod mikroskopem stereoskopowym, a korzenie roślin z grzybami arbuskularnymi (AGM) barwiono, przygotowywano preparaty i analizowano pod mikroskopem świetlnym. Wstępna analiza połączeń mikoryzowych wykazała, że spośród gatunków ektomikoryzowych dominował Cenoccocum geophillum Fr. występujący u drzew i krzewów zasiedlających siedliska okresowo zalewane i leśne suche. Z morfotypów ektomikoryzowych duży udział miał rodzaj Russula, następnie Amphinema, Thelephora, Hebeloma i Cortinarius. Rośliny, u których stwierdzono mikoryzę arbuskularną we wszystkich próbkach korzeni to: mozga trzcinowata (Phalaris arundinacea L.), trzcina pospolita (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud), śmiałek darniowy (Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv) i wierzba szara (Salix cinerea L.).Mycorrhizal associations were examined in the vegetative seasons 2005–2007 in the Kurówka River Basin along three transects (TI, TII, TIII) comprising twenty four sites. The transects were drawn from the terrain elevation towards the Kurówka River and covered cultivated grain fields, shrub and meadow communities, sedge rushes, and willow shrubs, including the classes Artemisietea vulgaris, Phragmitetea, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and Alnetea glutinosae. Plant roots were sampled from the topsoil up to a depth of 25 cm in each site. Dominant plants in individual sites as well as herbaceous and tree species were selected. As many as 30 plant species were sampled. Roots forming ectomycorrhizae were analyzed under a stereoscope. Roots forming arbuscular mycorrhizae were stained; diagnostic slides were made and analyzed under a light microscope. The analysis of mycorrhizal associations shows that Cenoccocum geophillum Fr., which occurs in trees and shrubs colonising periodically flooded habitats and dry forest habitats, predominated. A high contribution of the genus Russula, followed by the genera Amphinema, Thelephora, Hebeloma and Cortinarius, was recorded among ectomycorrhizal morphotypes. Arbuscular mycorrhizae were recorded in all the root samples of the following plants: Phalaris arundinacea L. (reed canary grass), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud (common reed), Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv (tufted hair grass) and Salix cinerea L. (grey willow)

Wpływ kilku biopreparatów na wzrost i owocowanie drzew oraz jakość owoców wiśni odmiany ‘Debreceni Bötermö’ w sadzie ekologicznym

Ecological fruit production in Poland is limited by, among other things, a shortage of biological preparations for the protection of fruit trees and shrubs from diseases and pests as well as a lack of bio-fertilizers needed to supplement periodic nutrient deficiencies, especially of nitrogen. In the present study, the effectiveness of several bio-fertilizers was assessed under the conditions of an organic sour cherry orchard. The products taking part in the assessment included: ‘Fertigo’ ecological manure, Micosat F12 WP, Micosat F MS 200, Humus UP, Humus Active, Aktywit PM, BF Quality, BF Amin, Tytanit, and Vinassa. The influence of the applied fertilizers on the growth of sour cherry trees of the cultivar ‘Debreceni Bötermö’, their fruiting and the quality of the harvested fruit was assessed. The experiment was conducted within the Eko- TechProdukt Project being implemented in 2009-2014 at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice. The experimental trees, grafted on mahaleb cherry seedlings, were planted in the spring of 2009 at a spacing 4.0 x 2.5 m, and were fertilized every year with the fertilizers listed above. The study has shown a beneficial effect of the preparation Vinassa on the growth and fruiting of sour cherry trees.Produkcje owoców metodami ekologicznymi w Polsce ogranicza m.in. niedostatek środków produkcji, a zwłaszcza preparatów do ochrony roślin przed groźnymi chorobami i szkodnikami oraz bionawozów, niezbędnych do szybkiego uzupełnienia deficytu składników pokarmowych występującego często w sadach ekologicznych, a zwłaszcza deficytu azotu. W prezentowanych badaniach oceniano skuteczność kilku nowych bionawozów w odżywianiu roślin w ekologicznym sadzie wiśniowym. Przedmiotem badań były następujące bionawozy: Fertigo’(ekologiczny obornik), Micosat F12 WP, Micosat F MS 200, Humus UP, Humus Active, Aktywit PM, BF Quality, BF Amin, Tytanit i Vinassa. Badano ich wpływ na wzrost i rozwój drzewek wiśni odmiany ‘Debreceni Bötermö’, na wielkość plonów i jakość zbieranych owoców. Badania były prowadzone w latach 2009-2014 w Instytucie Ogrodnictwa w Skierniewicach w ramach projektu pt.”Opracowanie innowacyjnych produktów i technologii dla ekologicznej uprawy roślin sadowniczych” (akronim EKOTECHPRODUKT). Projekt ten był współfinansowany przez Unię Europejską z Europejskiego Funduszu Rozwoju Regionalnego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Innowacyjna Gospodarka, Umowa nr UDA-POIG.01.03.01-10-109/08-00. Drzewa szczepione na siewkach antypki posadzono wiosną 2009 roku w rozstawie 4x2,5 m i nawożono wymienionymi wyżej preparatami. Badania wykazały przydatność preparatu Vinassa w ekologicznej uprawie wiśni. Preparat ten miał korzystny wpływ na wzrost i owocowanie drzew