Squeezed K^+ K^- correlations in high energy heavy ion collisions

The hot and dense medium formed in high energy heavy ion collisions may modify some hadronic properties. In particular, if hadron masses are shifted in-medium, it was demonstrated that this could lead to back-to-back squeezed correlations (BBC) of particle-antiparticle pairs. Although well-established theoretically, the squeezed correlations have not yet been discovered experimentally. A method has been suggested for the empirical search of this effect, which was previously illustrated for phi-phi pairs. We apply here the formalism and the suggested method to the case of K^+ K^- pairs, since they may be easier to identify experimentally. The time distribution of the emission process plays a crucial role in the survival of the BBC's. We analyze the cases where the emission is supposed to occur suddenly or via a Lorentzian distribution, and compare with the case of a Levy distribution in time. Effects of squeezing on the correlation function of identical particles are also analyzed.Comment: 9 pages and 6 figures (figures 2 to 6 contain 4 plots each). Paragraph added to text, figures 2 to 6 revised for improving visualizatio

Squeezed correlations of strange particle-antiparticles

Squeezed correlations of hadron-antihadron pairs are predicted to appear if their masses are modified in the hot and dense medium formed in high energy heavy ion collisions. If discovered experimentally, they would be an unequivocal evidence of in-medium mass shift found by means of hadronic probes. We discuss a method proposed to search for this novel type of correlation, illustrating it by means of D_s-mesons with in-medium shifted masses. These particles are expected to be more easily detected and identified in future upgrades at RHIC.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures with parts a) and b), SQM 2009 contribution; added acknowledgmen

Androgyny and Its Relationship to Time Competence and Inner-Directedness in a College Sample

It has been shown that there is a tendency to ascribe different stereotyped sex-roles to men and women (Breecher, 1969; Broverman, Vogel, Braverman, Clarkson, & Rosenkrantz, 1972; Chafetz, 1974; Bem, 1974) and that these sex-roles were previously thought to be the ideal of mental health for both (Braverman, et al., Chesler, 1971). Recent investigation shows that this is not necessarily the case. It was found that a high degree of sex-role typing is not only personally limiting, but also correlated with high anxiety, low self-esteem, and lower overall intelligence (Gray, 1957; Maccoby, 1966; Fasteau, 1974). Bem (1974) has developed the Bem Sex Role Inventory, an instrument that differentiates between sex-role types. She classifies these types as masculine, feminine, androgynous and undifferentiated. Bem demonstrated that masculine and feminine sex-typed individuals avoid cross-sex behaviors while androgynous individuals do not, therefore, androgynous individuals are able to engage in whatever behavior they desired or was most effective for a particular situation regardless of its stereotype as masculine or feminine. In developing the Personal Orientation Inventory Shostrom (1966) used the theories of Perls (1951), Maslow (1961), and Rogers (1966) concerning fully functioning or self-actualizing individuals. Such individuals are described as utilizing and developing all of their unique potentialities without yielding to social influences, or meeting the expectations of others. It was hypothesized that androgynous individuals as measured by the Bem Sex Role Inventory would tend to score higher on the Time Competency and Inner-directed scales on the Personal Orientation Inventory than sex-typed individuals. Three hundred undergraduate students from Eastern Illinois University were given the Bem Sex Role Inventory and the Personal Orientation Inventory. They were classified into the appropriate sex-role categories of masculine, feminine, androgynous, or undifferentiated according to their endorsements of factors on the Bem Inventory. The raw scores were then obtained from the time competence and inner-directed scales on the Personal Orientation Inventory. A Chi square analysis was used to determine the degree of sex-role stereotyping in the population. A two factor analysis of variance for unequal cell sizes, and the Dunnett Test for multiple comparisons (Keppler, 1973) were used to analyze the data. The results of the Chi square analysis showed a significant degree of sex-role stereotyping (p\u3c.001). The hypothesis investigated was only partially substantiated. Androgynous individuals scored significantly higher on the inner-directed scale than did the feminine and undifferentiated subjects (p\u3c.01 and p\u3c.01 respectively). There was no significant difference found between the androgynous and masculine subject\u27s scores on the inner-directed scale. There were no significant differences between androgynous and non androgynous subject\u27s scores on the time competence scale. A significant difference between male and female subject\u27s scores were found on both the time competence scale (p\u3c.006) and the inner-directed scale (p\u3c.014) with the female subjects scoring consistently higher. No significant differences were found between the androgynous and masculine subjects on the inner-directed scale, and the androgynous and non androgynous subjects on the time competence scale. The tendency for androgynous subjects to score higher than non androgynous subjects on both scales was apparent

Testing the Resolving Power of 2-D K^+ K^+ Interferometry

Adopting a procedure previously proposed to quantitatively study two-dimensional pion interferometry, an equivalent 2-D chi^2 analysis was performed to test the resolving power of that method when applied to less favorable conditions, i.e., if no significant contribution from long lived resonances is expected, as in kaon interferometry. For that purpose, use is made of the preliminary E859 K^+ K^+ interferometry data from Si+Au collisions at 14.6 AGeV/c. As expected, less sensitivity is achieved in the present case, although it still is possible to distinguish two distinct decoupling geometries. The present analysis seems to favor scenarios with no resonance formation at the AGS energy range, if the preliminary K^+ K^+ data are confirmed. The possible compatibility of data with zero decoupling proper time interval, conjectured by the 3-D experimental analysis, is also investigated and is ruled out when considering more realistic dynamical models with expanding sources. These results, however, clearly evidence the important influence of the time emission interval on the source effective transverse dimensions. Furthermore, they strongly emphasize that the static Gaussian parameterization, commonly used to fit data, cannot be trusted under more realistic conditions, leading to distorted or even wrong interpretation of the source parameters!Comment: 11 pages, RevTeX, 4 Postscript figures include

Androgyny and Its Relationship to Time Competence and Inner-Directedness in a College Sample

It has been shown that there is a tendency to ascribe different stereotyped sex-roles to men and women (Breecher, 1969; Broverman, Vogel, Braverman, Clarkson, & Rosenkrantz, 1972; Chafetz, 1974; Bem, 1974) and that these sex-roles were previously thought to be the ideal of mental health for both (Braverman, et al., Chesler, 1971). Recent investigation shows that this is not necessarily the case. It was found that a high degree of sex-role typing is not only personally limiting, but also correlated with high anxiety, low self-esteem, and lower overall intelligence (Gray, 1957; Maccoby, 1966; Fasteau, 1974). Bem (1974) has developed the Bem Sex Role Inventory, an instrument that differentiates between sex-role types. She classifies these types as masculine, feminine, androgynous and undifferentiated. Bem demonstrated that masculine and feminine sex-typed individuals avoid cross-sex behaviors while androgynous individuals do not, therefore, androgynous individuals are able to engage in whatever behavior they desired or was most effective for a particular situation regardless of its stereotype as masculine or feminine. In developing the Personal Orientation Inventory Shostrom (1966) used the theories of Perls (1951), Maslow (1961), and Rogers (1966) concerning fully functioning or self-actualizing individuals. Such individuals are described as utilizing and developing all of their unique potentialities without yielding to social influences, or meeting the expectations of others. It was hypothesized that androgynous individuals as measured by the Bem Sex Role Inventory would tend to score higher on the Time Competency and Inner-directed scales on the Personal Orientation Inventory than sex-typed individuals. Three hundred undergraduate students from Eastern Illinois University were given the Bem Sex Role Inventory and the Personal Orientation Inventory. They were classified into the appropriate sex-role categories of masculine, feminine, androgynous, or undifferentiated according to their endorsements of factors on the Bem Inventory. The raw scores were then obtained from the time competence and inner-directed scales on the Personal Orientation Inventory. A Chi square analysis was used to determine the degree of sex-role stereotyping in the population. A two factor analysis of variance for unequal cell sizes, and the Dunnett Test for multiple comparisons (Keppler, 1973) were used to analyze the data. The results of the Chi square analysis showed a significant degree of sex-role stereotyping (p\u3c.001). The hypothesis investigated was only partially substantiated. Androgynous individuals scored significantly higher on the inner-directed scale than did the feminine and undifferentiated subjects (p\u3c.01 and p\u3c.01 respectively). There was no significant difference found between the androgynous and masculine subject\u27s scores on the inner-directed scale. There were no significant differences between androgynous and non androgynous subject\u27s scores on the time competence scale. A significant difference between male and female subject\u27s scores were found on both the time competence scale (p\u3c.006) and the inner-directed scale (p\u3c.014) with the female subjects scoring consistently higher. No significant differences were found between the androgynous and masculine subjects on the inner-directed scale, and the androgynous and non androgynous subjects on the time competence scale. The tendency for androgynous subjects to score higher than non androgynous subjects on both scales was apparent

Search for Squeezed-Pair Correlations at RHIC

Squeezed correlations of particle-antiparticle pairs, also called Back-to-Back Correlations, are predicted to appear if the hadron masses are modified in the hot and dense hadronic medium formed in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. Although well-established theoretically, the squeezed-particle correlations have not yet been searched for experimentally in high energy hadronic or heavy ion collisions, clearly requiring optimized forms to experimentally search for this effect. Within a non-relativistic treatment developed earlier we show that one promising way to search for the BBC signal is to look into the squeezed correlation function of pairs of phi-mesons at RHIC energies, plotted in terms of the average momentum of the pair, K12=(k1+k2)/2. This variable's modulus, 2|K12|, is the non-relativistic limit of the variable Q_bbc, introduced herewith. The squeezing effects on the HBT correlation function are also discussed.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures. To be published in the Proceedings of Quark Matter 2008, Jaipur, Indi

Demonstration of decomposition and optimization in the design of experimental space systems

Effective design strategies for a class of systems which may be termed Experimental Space Systems (ESS) are needed. These systems, which include large space antenna and observatories, space platforms, earth satellites and deep space explorers, have special characteristics which make them particularly difficult to design. It is argued here that these same characteristics encourage the use of advanced computer-aided optimization and planning techniques. The broad goal of this research is to develop optimization strategies for the design of ESS. These strategics would account for the possibly conflicting requirements of mission life, safety, scientific payoffs, initial system cost, launch limitations and maintenance costs. The strategies must also preserve the coupling between disciplines or between subsystems. Here, the specific purpose is to describe a computer-aided planning and scheduling technique. This technique provides the designer with a way to map the flow of data between multidisciplinary analyses. The technique is important because it enables the designer to decompose the system design problem into a number of smaller subproblems. The planning and scheduling technique is demonstrated by its application to a specific preliminary design problem

Five year mortality and direct costs of care for people with diabetic foot complications are comparable to cancer.

BackgroundIn 2007, we reported a summary of data comparing diabetic foot complications to cancer. The purpose of this brief report was to refresh this with the best available data as they currently exist. Since that time, more reports have emerged both on cancer mortality and mortality associated with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), Charcot arthropathy, and diabetes-associated lower extremity amputation.MethodsWe collected data reporting 5-year mortality from studies published following 2007 and calculated a pooled mean. We evaluated data from DFU, Charcot arthropathy and lower extremity amputation. We dichotomized high and low amputation as proximal and distal to the ankle, respectively. This was compared with cancer mortality as reported by the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute.ResultsFive year mortality for Charcot, DFU, minor and major amputations were 29.0, 30.5, 46.2 and 56.6%, respectively. This is compared to 9.0% for breast cancer and 80.0% for lung cancer. 5 year pooled mortality for all reported cancer was 31.0%. Direct costs of care for diabetes in general was $237 billion in 2017. This is compared to$80 billion for cancer in 2015. As up to one-third of the direct costs of care for diabetes may be attributed to the lower extremity, these are also readily comparable.ConclusionDiabetic lower extremity complications remain enormously burdensome. Most notably, DFU and LEA appear to be more than just a marker of poor health. They are independent risk factors associated with premature death. While advances continue to improve outcomes of care for people with DFU and amputation, efforts should be directed at primary prevention as well as those for patients in diabetic foot ulcer remission to maximize ulcer-free, hospital-free and activity-rich days