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Investigating the burden of antibiotic resistance in ethnic minority groups in high-income countries: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is an urgent problem globally, with overuse and misuse of antibiotics being one of the main drivers of antibiotic-resistant infections. There is increasing evidence that the burden of community-acquired infections such as urinary tract infections and bloodstream infections (both susceptible and resistant) may differ by ethnicity, although the reasons behind this relationship are not well defined. It has been demonstrated that socioeconomic status and ethnicity are often highly correlated with each other; however, it is not yet known whether accounting for deprivation completely explains any discrepancy seen in infection risk. There have currently been no systematic reviews summarising the evidence for the relationship between ethnicity and antibiotic resistance or prescribing. METHODS: This protocol will outline how we will conduct this systematic literature review and meta-analysis investigating whether there is an association between patient ethnicity and (1) risk of antibiotic-resistant infections or (2) levels of antibiotic prescribing in high-income countries. We will search PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, Scopus and CINAHL using MESH terms where applicable. Two reviewers will conduct title/abstract screening, data extraction and quality assessment independently. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist will be used for cohort and case-control studies, and the Cochrane collaboration's risk of bias tool will be used for randomised control trials, if they are included. Meta-analyses will be performed by calculating the minority ethnic group to majority ethnic group odds ratios or risk ratios for each study and presenting an overall pooled odds ratio for the two outcomes. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessments, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach will be used to assess the overall quality of the body of evidence. DISCUSSION: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we will aim to collate the available evidence of whether there is a difference in rates of AMR and/or antibiotic prescribing in minority vs. majority ethnic groups in high-income countries. Additionally, this review will highlight areas where more research needs to be conducted and may provide insight into what may cause differences in this relationship, should they be seen. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO ( CRD42016051533 )
Public knowledge and behaviours relating to antibiotic use in Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A systematic review
© 2018 The Authors The aim of this review was to assess public knowledge and behaviours in relation to antibiotic use in GCC countries. A systematic review was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE and other relevant databases. Cross-sectional studies published from January 2000 to June 2017 relating to public knowledge and behaviours towards antibiotic use were included. Overall nine studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Nearly half of general public respondents in the GCC region reported a lack of knowledge about antibiotic use and showed negative attitudes towards antibiotic utilisation. Penicillin was the most frequently misused antibiotic, particularly for self-medication. Most respondents declared that they obtained information on antibiotics from pharmacists. Pharmacies were the major source of antibiotics used for self-medication. A multi-disciplinary approach must be put in place to educate the public on appropriate antibiotic use, to improve policies regarding the rational prescription of antimicrobials and to increase regulation enforcement