Asymptotically scale-invariant occupancy of phase space makes the entropy Sq extensive

Phase space can be constructed for $N$ equal and distinguishable subsystems that could be (probabilistically) either {\it weakly} (or {\it "locally"}) correlated (e.g., independent, i.e., uncorrelated), or {\it strongly} (or {\it globally}) correlated. If they are locally correlated, we expect the Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy $S_{BG} \equiv -k \sum_i p_i \ln p_i$ to be {\it extensive}, i.e., $S_{BG}(N)\propto N$ for $N \to\infty$. In particular, if they are independent, $S_{BG}$ is {\it strictly additive}, i.e., $S_{BG}(N)=N S_{BG}(1), \forall N$. However, if the subsystems are globally correlated, we expect, for a vast class of systems, the entropy $S_q\equiv k [1- \sum_i p_i^q]/(q-1)$ (with $S_1=S_{BG}$) for some special value of $q\ne1$ to be the one which extensive (i.e., $S_q(N)\propto N$ for $N \to\infty$).Comment: 15 pages, including 9 figures and 8 Tables. The new version is considerably enlarged with regard to the previous ones. New examples and new references have been include

Absorbate-Induced Piezochromism in a Porous Molecular Crystal

Atmospherically stable porous frameworks and materials are interesting for heterogeneous solid–gas applications. One motivation is the direct and selective uptake of pollutant/hazardous gases, where the material produces a measurable response in the presence of the analyte. In this report, we present a combined experimental and theoretical rationalization for the piezochromic response of a robust and porous molecular crystal built from an extensively fluorinated trispyrazole. The electronic response of the material is directly determined by analyte uptake, which provokes a subtle lattice contraction and an observable bathochromic shift in the optical absorption onset. Selectivity for fluorinated absorbates is demonstrated, and toluene is also found to crystallize within the pore. Furthermore, we demonstrate the application of electronic structure calculations to predict a physicochemical response, providing the foundations for the design of electronically tunable porous solids with the chemical properties required for development of novel gas-uptake media

Tunable Polaronic Conduction in Anatase TiO2

Oxygen vacancies created in anatase TiO2 by UV photons (80–130 eV) provide an effective electron-doping mechanism and induce a hitherto unobserved dispersive metallic state. Angle resolved photoemission reveals that the quasiparticles are large polarons. These results indicate that anatase can be tuned from an insulator to a polaron gas to a weakly correlated metal as a function of doping and clarify the nature of conductivity in this material.open1192sciescopu

Nonlinear Dynamics in Gene Regulation Promote Robustness and Evolvability of Gene Expression Levels

This is the final version of the article. Available from Public Library of Science via the DOI in this record.Cellular phenotypes underpinned by regulatory networks need to respond to evolutionary pressures to allow adaptation, but at the same time be robust to perturbations. This creates a conflict in which mutations affecting regulatory networks must both generate variance but also be tolerated at the phenotype level. Here, we perform mathematical analyses and simulations of regulatory networks to better understand the potential trade-off between robustness and evolvability. Examining the phenotypic effects of mutations, we find an inverse correlation between robustness and evolvability that breaks only with nonlinearity in the network dynamics, through the creation of regions presenting sudden changes in phenotype with small changes in genotype. For genotypes embedding low levels of nonlinearity, robustness and evolvability correlate negatively and almost perfectly. By contrast, genotypes embedding nonlinear dynamics allow expression levels to be robust to small perturbations, while generating high diversity (evolvability) under larger perturbations. Thus, nonlinearity breaks the robustness-evolvability trade-off in gene expression levels by allowing disparate responses to different mutations. Using analytical derivations of robustness and system sensitivity, we show that these findings extend to a large class of gene regulatory network architectures and also hold for experimentally observed parameter regimes. Further, the effect of nonlinearity on the robustness-evolvability trade-off is ensured as long as key parameters of the system display specific relations irrespective of their absolute values. We find that within this parameter regime genotypes display low and noisy expression levels. Examining the phenotypic effects of mutations, we find an inverse correlation between robustness and evolvability that breaks only with nonlinearity in the network dynamics. Our results provide a possible solution to the robustness-evolvability trade-off, suggest an explanation for the ubiquity of nonlinear dynamics in gene expression networks, and generate useful guidelines for the design of synthetic gene circuits.This work was funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, grant number EP/I017445/1

Kandungan Logam Berat Pb, Cu, Zn pada Daging dan Cangkang Kerang Hijau (Perna Viridis) di Perairan Tanjung Balai Asahan

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari 2014. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei, dimana perairan Tanjung Balai Asahan dijadikan lokasi pengamatan dan pengambilan sampel kerang hijau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kandungan logam berat Pb, Cu, Zn pada daging dan cangkang kerang hijau (P. viridis) berdasarkan ukurannya, mengetahui perbedaan kandungan logam berat Pb, Cu, Zn antara daging dan cangkang, mengetahui hubungan kandungan logam berat Pb, Cu, Zn pada daging dan cangkang dengan ukuran kerang hijau dan mengetahui tingkat kelayakan konsumsi kerang hijau dari perairan Tanjung Balai Asahan. Kandungan logam berat berdasarkan bagian tubuh diketahui bahwa kadar Pb, Cu, Zn lebih tinggi terdapat pada cangkang dibandingkan daging. Kandungan Pb yang terdapat pada daging berbeda menurut ukuran tubuh tertinggi terdapat pada daging ukuran kecil (1,17 μg/g), Cu pada daging ukuran sedang (8,72 μg/g) dan Zn terdapat pada daging ukuran besar (295,93 μg/g). Kandungan Pb cangkang lebih tinggi pada ukuran sedang (10,10 μg/g), Cu tinggi pada ukuran kecil (17,90 μg/g) dan Zn tinggi pada ukuran besar (680,85 μg/g). Berdasarkan perhitungan PTWI yang didapat maka kerang hijau dari perairan Tanjung Balai Asahan masih dapat dikonsumsi selama tidak melampaui batas yang talah ditetapkan

Oscillating Positive Expiratory Pressure on Respiratory Resistance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease With a Small Amount of Secretion: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the acute effects of an oscillating positive expiratory pressure device (flutter) on airways resistance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Randomized crossover study: 15 COPD outpatients from Asthma Lab–Royal Brompton Hospital underwent spirometry, impulse oscillometry (IOS) for respiratory resistance (R) and reactance (X), and fraction exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measures. Thirty minutes of flutter exercises: a “flutter-sham” procedure was used as a control, and airway responses after a short-acting bronchodilator were also assessed. Respiratory system resistance (R): in COPD patients an increase in X5insp (-0.21 to -0.33 kPa/L/s) and Fres (24.95 to 26.16 Hz) occurred immediately after flutter exercises without bronchodilator. Following 20 min of rest, a decrease in the R5, [DELTA]R5, R20, X5, and Ax was observed, with R5, R20, and X5 values lower than baseline, with a moderate effect size; there were no changes in FeNO levels or spirometry. The use of flutter can decrease the respiratory system resistance and reactance and expiratory flow limitation in stable COPD patients with small amounts of secretions

Community policing in the Netherlands: A continuously changing constant

__Abstract__ 1977 was an important year for the Dutch police as it was then that a seminal strategy document called ‘A Changing Police was published that would set the course for the next three decades. The writers of the report felt that for the police to bridge the growing gap between them and the society they serve, they would have to be innovative, and think outside of their usual security paradigms. They found their solution in community policing and the strategy document laid out the framework for Community Policing (COP) in the Netherlands. This document was widely considered a milestone in the development of Dutch policing (see Cachet et al. 1998). However, by 2005, the Dutch Board of Chief Commissioners felt it necessary to publish a new strategy document to once again map out the future of Dutch Policing. After nearly three decades, the Dutch police was again in need of a shared philosophy that would serve as a foundation for their mandate. This new document was titled ‘The Police in Evolution’ (PIE) but it stayed true to the values of COP by once again focusing on the local community and stressing community policing. In this paper we explore the establishment and development of Dutch COP. We look at several distinct phases in the long term development of Dutch COP, and examine the factors that explain the shifts that have taken place in the way Dutch COP is carried out. We ask also about the prospects of Dutch COP in the future. The paper will consist of four sections. In the first Section, we examine the historical roots and the development of Dutch COP since its inception in 1977. In Section 2, we look at the current state of affairs for COP in the Netherlands. In the third section, we put forward several explanations for the significant shifts that have taken place over the course of the COP’s 30-year history. In the fourth section, we discuss the prospects for Dutch COP in the coming years. Section 5 presents our conclusions

Jornalismo e comunicação na aprendizagem do mundo

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio