Non-Standard Errors

In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in sample estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty: non-standard errors. To study them, we let 164 teams test six hypotheses on the same sample. We find that non-standard errors are sizeable, on par with standard errors. Their size (i) co-varies only weakly with team merits, reproducibility, or peer rating, (ii) declines significantly after peer-feedback, and (iii) is underestimated by participants.Online appendix available at https://bit.ly/3DIQKrB.Please note a full list of authors is available in the working paper

A human embryonic kidney 293T cell line mutated at the Golgi -mannosidase II locus

Disruption of Golgi -mannosidase II activity can result in type II congenital dyserythropoietic anemia and can induce lupus-like autoimmunity in mice. Here, we isolate a mutant human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cell line, called Lec36, that displays sensitivity to ricin that lies between the parental HEK 293T cells, whose secreted and membrane-expressed proteins are dominated by complex-type glycosylation, and 293S Lec1 cells, which only produce oligomannose-type N-linked glycans. The stem cell marker, 19A, was transiently expressed in the HEK 293T Lec36 cells, and in parental HEK 293T cells with and without the potent Golgi -mannosidase II inhibitor, swainsonine. Negative-ion nano-electrospray ionization mass spectra of the 19A N-linked glycans from HEK 293T Lec36 and swainsonine-treated HEK 293T cells were qualitatively indistinguishable and, as shown by collision-induced dissociation spectra, dominated by hybrid-type glycosylation. Nucleotide sequencing revealed mutations in each allele of MAN2A1, the gene encoding Golgi -mannosidase II: a point mutation in one allele mapping to the active site and an in-frame deletion of twelve-nucleotides in the other. Expression of wild-type but not the mutant MAN2A1 alleles in Lec36 cells restored processing of the 19A reporter glycoprotein to complex-type glycosylation. The Lec36 cell line will be useful for expressing therapeutic glycoproteins with hybrid-type glycans and provides a sensitive host for detecting mutations in human MAN2A1 causing type II congenital dyserythropoietic anemia

Non-Standard Errors

In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidencegenerating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty: Non-standard errors (NSEs). We study NSEs by letting 164 teams test the same hypotheses on the same data. NSEs turn out to be sizable, but smaller for better reproducible or higher rated research. Adding peer-review stages reduces NSEs. We further find that this type of uncertainty is underestimated by participants

Non-Standard Errors

In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence-generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty: Non-standard errors (NSEs). We study NSEs by letting 164 teams test the same hypotheses on the same data. NSEs turn out to be sizable, but smaller for better reproducible or higher rated research. Adding peer-review stages reduces NSEs. We further find that this type of uncertainty is underestimated by participants

Non-standard errors

In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty: Non-standard errors (NSEs). We study NSEs by letting 164 teams test the same hypotheses on the same data. NSEs turn out to be sizable, but smaller for better reproducible or higher rated research. Adding peer-review stages reduces NSEs. We further find that this type of uncertainty is underestimated by participants

A new method to study aerosol source contributions along the tracks of air parcels and its application to the near-ground level aerosol chemical composition in central Europe

A novel method is, presented to reveal the significance and contribution of source types and characteristic formation times for individual aerosol constituents: Backward trajectory analyses are used to allocate time-resolved information about residence time of air masses over different types of ground surfaces. The correlations between the residence time of air mass over individual ground surface types and aerosol constituent concentrations (or particulate matter mass fractions) are investigated by a time-weighting method. The correlation coefficients between the concentrations of individual aerosol constituents and the residence times of air masses over certain types of ground surfaces at a certain time difference to arrival time were used to compose time profiles'. These are suggested to reflect the time-resolved ground emissions' influence on aerosol composition, which is particularly relevant for secondary aerosol constituents. The method has been applied to aerosol chemical composition data from various seasons and from rural and urban sites in Germany. For various ground types, we obtain correlations between weighted (and normalized) residence times ('source loadings') on one hand and the abundances of trace constituents known as markers for marine (Na, Cl), continental-rural (e.g. mineral dust components) and industrial sources (e.g., organic and elemental C, As, Pb) on the other hand. The occurrence of super-pm particulate NO3 in central Europe is found to originate largely in the marginal seas. The time profiles indicate that the characteristic formation time of the secondary aerosol is 48-72 h, while the coarse mode particulate matter including some heavy metals was determined by emissions < 36 h back. The occurrence of particulate elemental carbon was temporally bimodal with regard to the, elapsed time since emission (maxima at At 60 h and At = 12-24 h), which indicates the presence of two types undergoing a selection process during aging. The factors which explained most of the variability of the aerosol chemical composition were the season and the type of ground surface in contact with the air mass during its transport. More immediate influences on the samples, such as the weather conditions during sampling and the type of site (rural or urban) were distinctly less significant. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Transformation of aerosol chemical properties due to transport over a city

The change of the chemical composition of the near-ground level atmospheric aerosol was studied during two summer episodes by a Lagrangian type of experimental approach. Bulk and single-particle chemical analyses of ions and elements in the particulate phase were deployed. N(-III) and N(V) components were also measured in the gas-phase. The measurements were completed by particle size distributions. Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) and fine particles of ≈0.2–0.4 µm size were still elevated 50 km downwind of the city. The direct comparison of transport over the city in contrast to transport over the surrounding areas showed that SIA was formed from emission from the city within less than 3 h. Relative increases, i.e., enrichment during transport were observed for primary and secondary aerosol components. The degree of mixing on the individual particle level increased significantly during transport in the area. In particular, newly emitted carbonaceous particles became internally mixed within hours with pre-existing sulphate particles. Mostly due to secondary aerosol formation the average particle size (mass median diameter) of major constituents of the aerosol was significantly decreased while being transported over 13 h. Given recent insights which link fine particles number and mass concentrations with health risks, the results suggest that rural populations in areas which frequently are located within an urban plume might run an elevated health risk relative to populations in areas not affected by urban plumes