Клинико-эпидемиологическая характеристика вирусных диарей у детей

Viral intestinal infections play an important role in infectious diseases in children of different ages.Aim of this study was to investigate the etiological structure and characteristics of viral diarrhea in hospitalized children in 2009–2013.Materials and Methods: 5535 children’s medical histories were analyzed, in which algorithm survey polymerase chain reaction using primers production «AmpliSens ® Rotavirus / Norovirus / Astrovirus-FL» or «OCI screen AmpliSens ® -FL», «AmpliSens ® Enterovirus-FL» production «InterLabService» (Moscow) was included.Results: we found that with using the polymerase chain reaction etiologic diagnosis was deciphered in 3241 cases (59,8%) and the part of diarrhea of viral genesis of decrypted acute intestinal infections was 77,35 %. Results have shown that the virus diarrhea predominantly affects children under 3 years old (45%). Revealed the prevalence of rotavirus infection (40,44%) also a high proportion of norovirus gastroenteritis (21,18%) have been founded. We found that rotavirus have the first place in importance in the age group of children up to 6 years (56%); however in patients of school age the first place was the norovirus (45,2%). The incidence of rotavirus infection remained high throughout the study period (44,6-58,9%), incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis increased from 24 % in 2010 to 32% in 2012 . In most cases (82%) of viral gastroenteritis was moderate, major complication was dehydration syndrome of 1–2 stage.Conclusion: results have proved that using of modern methods of diagnosis help to decrypt at least 60% of cases of infectious diarrhea, and the main etiological agents are rotaviruses and noroviruses . Our results are fully consistent with the data on the epidemiology in foreign sources of acute intestinal infections in children prior to mass vaccination rotavirus.Вирусные кишечные инфекции играют важную роль в инфекционной заболеваемости у детей различного возраста.Цель: изучение этиологической структуры и особенностей течения вирусных диарей у госпитализированных детей в 2009–2013 гг.Материалы и методы: проанализированы истории болезни 5535 детей, в алгоритм обследования которых была включена полимеразная цепная реакции с использованием праймеров производства «АмплиСенс® Rotavirus/Norovirus/Astrovirus-FL» или «АмплиСенс® ОКИ скрин-FL», «АмплиСенс® Enterovirus-FL» производства «Интерлабсервис» (Москва).Результаты: установлено, что при использовании полимеразной цепной реакции диагноз был этиологически расшифрован у 3241 (59,8%), а доля диарей вирусного генеза среди расшифрованных острых кишечных инфекций составила 77,35%. Показано, что вирусными диареями страдают преимущественно дети до 3-летнего возраста (45%). Выявлено преобладание ротавирусной инфекции (40,44%), также была высока доля норовирусных гастроэнтеритов (21,18%). Установлено, что ротавирус является первым по значимости в возрастной группе детей до 6 лет (56%), у пациентов школьного возраста на первом месте оказался норовирус (45,2%). Заболеваемость ротавирусной инфекцией оставалась высокой на протяжении всего периода исследования (44,6–58,9%), частота выявления норовирусных гастроэнтеритов возросла с 24% в 2010 г. до 32% в 2012 г. В большинстве случаев (82%) вирусные гастроэнтериты протекали в среднетяжелой форме, основным осложнением был синдром дегидратации 1–2 степени.Заключение: доказано, что при использовании современных методов диагностики расшифровывается не менее 60% случаев инфекционных диарей, а основными этиологическими агентами являются ротавирусы и норовирусы. Полученные нами результаты полностью согласуются с данными зарубежных источников по эпидемиологии ОКИ у детей до начала массовой вакцинопрофилактики ротавирусной инфекции

International Cooperation of States in Use of Space for Shipping in the Frames of the International Programme for Search and Rescue – COSPAS-SARSAT

The International Programme for Search and Rescue – COSPAS-SARSAT represents a bright example of international cooperation in space and is considered to be a tried and tested model of the organization of the same cooperation for solving different problems, including solving problems concerned with safety of human life at sea In the article the following issues are considered: the activity of the COSPAS-SARSAT, the role of the COSPAS-SARSAT in regulation of states’ international cooperation in using outer space for peaceful purposes. There have been also revealed trends and perspectives of development of activity of the COSPAS-SARSAT as well as the role of the Russian Federation in the regulation of international relations in the said sphere

(Table 2) Rates of nitrate and ammonium uptake, concentrations of particulate organic nitrogen and carbon, and dissolved nitrate and ammonium in waters of the Black Sea August-September 1990 and November 1991

To study inorganic nitrogen uptake rates by microplankton in the Black Sea the first 15N-experiments were carried out in August-September 1990 and in November 1991. In surface waters nitrate uptake rates varied from 5.7 to 28.5 nM/l/h in summer and from 1.9 to 7.8 nM/l/h in autumn. In both seasons maximal and minimal rates were observed in frontal zones of shelf/slope areas and in open waters, respectively. In summer average nitrate uptake rate per unit of particulate organic nitrogen was 0.0037 1/h for all stations. In autumn it varied from 0.0007 1/h in the central part of the sea to 0.0033 1/h in the slope near the southeastern Crimean coast. In autumn ammonium uptake rate varied from 7.1 to 22.2 nM/l/h and from 0.0025 to 0.00094 1/h. Ammonium uptake correlated linearly with nitrate uptake, with new production being 22-36% of total summary nitrate and ammonium uptake. There was a linear correlation between nitrogen uptake and chlorophyll a concentrations in the Black Sea. In the water column in autumn both nitrate and ammonium uptake decreased as chlorophyll a concentration diminishes with depth

Clinical and epidemiological characteristic viral diarrhea in children

Viral intestinal infections play an important role in infectious diseases in children of different ages.Aim of this study was to investigate the etiological structure and characteristics of viral diarrhea in hospitalized children in 2009–2013.Materials and Methods: 5535 children’s medical histories were analyzed, in which algorithm survey polymerase chain reaction using primers production «AmpliSens ® Rotavirus / Norovirus / Astrovirus-FL» or «OCI screen AmpliSens ® -FL», «AmpliSens ® Enterovirus-FL» production «InterLabService» (Moscow) was included.Results: we found that with using the polymerase chain reaction etiologic diagnosis was deciphered in 3241 cases (59,8%) and the part of diarrhea of viral genesis of decrypted acute intestinal infections was 77,35 %. Results have shown that the virus diarrhea predominantly affects children under 3 years old (45%). Revealed the prevalence of rotavirus infection (40,44%) also a high proportion of norovirus gastroenteritis (21,18%) have been founded. We found that rotavirus have the first place in importance in the age group of children up to 6 years (56%); however in patients of school age the first place was the norovirus (45,2%). The incidence of rotavirus infection remained high throughout the study period (44,6-58,9%), incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis increased from 24 % in 2010 to 32% in 2012 . In most cases (82%) of viral gastroenteritis was moderate, major complication was dehydration syndrome of 1–2 stage.Conclusion: results have proved that using of modern methods of diagnosis help to decrypt at least 60% of cases of infectious diarrhea, and the main etiological agents are rotaviruses and noroviruses . Our results are fully consistent with the data on the epidemiology in foreign sources of acute intestinal infections in children prior to mass vaccination rotavirus

Modification of light-acclimation of Pinus sylvestris shoot architecture by site fertility

Adjustment of shoot architectural characteristics—needle angle with respect to shoot axis (a), needle mass per unit shoot silhouette area (MS), needle number per unit shoot axis length (KL), silhouette to total needle area ratio (SS)—to seasonal average daily integrated quantum flux density (Qint) was investigated in conifer Pinus sylvestris L. in an old field (fertile site) and in a raised bog (infertile site). For both sites, KL increased with increasing Qint, leading to a greater foliar area and dry mass per unit shoot length, as well as to larger MS and foliar nitrogen content per unit silhouette area at higher irradiance. The five-fold increase in MS with Qint via architectural modifications allowed biomass concentration in high light environment where the photosynthetic returns were the highest. However, the negative correlations between SS andQint indicated that enhanced needle production also led to a lower sunlit needle area fraction and greater self-shading within the shoot at higher irradiance. Simulations using canopy gap fractions across the sky hemisphere incident to the shoots in their natural position further demonstrated a decrease in light interception efficiency relative to a flat surface (.) with increasingQint. Ashoot architectural model based on a turbid medium analogy suggested that the decreases in the efficiency primarily resulted from increased clumping and larger needle area density at higher irradiances. The relationships were qualitatively similar at both sites, but the needles were shorter and the packing of needles was higher leading to a lower gap fraction within the shoot volume and to greater self-shading within the shoot at the nutrient-limited site, especially under low irradiance. We conclude that both needle and shoot level modifications contribute to plastic alterations in shoot light harvesting efficiency in P. sylvestris, but also that site fertility may significantly constrain the light-acclimation in shoot architectur

Investigation primery assessment antioxidant action derivatives 5,7-dyhydro-1н-pyrolo [2,3-d] pyrymidin in model of acute tetrachlormetan hepatitis

Volkovoy V. A., Sevrukov О. V., Fomina G. P., Karabut L. V., Lukjanova L. V. Вивчення первинної оцінки антиоксидантної активності похідних 5,7-дігідро-1н-піроло [2,3-d] піримідин на моделі гострого тетрахлорметанового гепатиту = Investigation primery assessment antioxidant action derivatives 5,7-dyhydro-1н-pyrolo [2,3-d] pyrymidin in model of acute tetrachlormetan hepatitis. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(7):429-438. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20543 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%287%29%3A429-438 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/587930 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20543 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive   Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.06.2015. Revised 15.07.2015. Accepted: 15.07.2015.   UDC 615.275.4:547.822.7:616.36-002:616.127 УДК 615.275.4:547.822.7:616.36-002:616.127   ВИВЧЕННЯ ПЕРВИННОЇ ОЦІНКИ АНТИОКСИДАНТНОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ ПОХІДНИХ 5,7-ДІГІДРО-1Н-ПІРОЛО [2,3-d] ПІРИМІДИН НА МОДЕЛІ ГОСТРОГО ТЕТРАХЛОРМЕТАНОВОГО ГЕПАТИТУInvestigation primery assessment antioxidant action derivatives 5,7-dyhydro-1Н-pyrolo [2,3-d] pyrymidin in model of acute tetrachlormetan hepatitis   В. А. Волковой, О. В. Севрюков, Г. П. Фоміна, Л. В. Карабут, Л. В. Лук’янова V. A. Volkovoy, О. V. Sevrukov, G. P. Fomina, L. V. Karabut, L. V. Lukjanova           Національний фармацевтичний університет, Харків, Україна National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine             Abstract The research results of the antioxidant properties of 15 compaunds, derivatives 5,7-dyhydro-1Н-pyrolo [2,3-d] pyrymidin.  It has been determined that 12 of them act as antioxidants on the model of acute hepatitis caused by tetrachlormethane. They have positive effect upon the general condition of the animals (probability of survival), state of antioxidant system (AS) and the process of lipid peroxidation (LPO). The most active are the substances of KMS-190, KMS-191, KMS-211, KMS-214, KMS-217 because they do not just decrease the reactants content of thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and increase the level of reduced glutathione (GSN) regarding to control pathology and substance of comparison – mexidol, but also affect positively on the indexes of liver mass coefficient (LMC). Keywords: lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activity, hepatitis, tetrachlormetane, derivatives 5,7-dyhydro-1Н-pyrolo [2,3-d] pyrymidin.                    Реферат У роботі наведено результати досліджень антиоксидантних властивостей 15 сполук-похідних 5,7-дігідро-1Н-піроло[2,3-d] піримідин. Встановлено, що на моделі гострого гепатиту, викликаного тетрахлоретаном 12 з них проявляють антиоксидантну активність. Вони характеризуються позитивним впливом на загальний стан тварин (виживаність), стан антиоксидантної системи та процес перекисного окиснення ліпідів. Найактивнішими є речовини під шифром KMS-190, KMS-191, KMS-211, KMS-214, KMS-217, оскільки вони не тільки знижують вміст реактантів тіобарбітурової кислоти (ТБК) і підвищують рівень відновленого глутатіону відносно контрольної патології та препарату порівняння – мексидолу, але і позитивно впливають на показники масового коефіцієнта печінки. Ключові слова: перекисне окиснення ліпідів, антиоксидантна активність, гепатит, тетрахлорметан, похідні 5,7-дігідро-1Н-піроло[2,3-d] піримідин.   Реферат ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПЕРВИЧНОЙ ОЦЕНКИ АНТИОКСИДАНТНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ ПРОИЗВОДНЫХ 5,7-ДИГИДРО-1Н-ПИРОЛО [2,3-d] ПИРИМИДИН НА МОДЕЛИ ОСТРОГО ТЕТРАХЛОРМЕТАНОВОГО ГЕПАТИТА. В работе приведены результаты исследований антиоксидантних свойств 15 соединений – производних 5,7-дигидро-1Н-пирроло[2,3-d]пиримидин. Установлено, что на модели острого гепатита, вызванного тетрахлорметаном, 12 из них проявляют антиоксидантную активность. Они характеризуются положительным влиянием на общее состояние животных (выживаемость), состояние антиоксидантной системы (АОС) и процесс перекисного окисления липидов (ПОЛ). Наиболее активными являются вещества под шифрами KMS-190, KMS-191, KMS-211, KMS-214, KMS-217, поскольку они не только снижают содержание реактантов тиобарбитуровой кислоты (ТБК) и повышают уровень восстановленого глутатиона (GSH) относительно контрольной патологии и препарата сравнения – мексидола, но и положительно влияют на показатели массового коэфициента печени (МКП). Ключевые слова: перекисное окисление липидов, антиоксидантная активность, гепатит, тетрахлорметан, производние 5,7-дигидро-1Н-пирроло[2,3-d] пиримидин

The influence of storm-induced microsites to tree regeneration patterns in boreal and hemiboreal forest

We reviewed studies dealing with regeneration under variable conditions in boreal and hemiboreal forests as affected by different microsite types by tree species functional groups. Generally, the importance of storm-induced microsites for regeneration dynamics in boreal forests depends on several factors: (1) distribution and type of microsites (generated by storm characteristics and stand conditions); (2) viable seed supply (stand history, species dispersal traits and status of surviving trees) and their species' life history strategy; (3) climatic and site conditions (pre-storm conditions and storm-induced changes); and (4) delayed storm effects, such as retarded falling of trees, favoured vegetation growth, etc. Studies acknowledging the significance of microsites were mostly related to intermediate or severe events, causing sufficient changes in resource levels and growth conditions, and influencing extrinsic factors such as frost heaving, erosion and browsing. Also, the dispersal traits of available tree species, including sprouting and response of surviving trees, such as canopy expansion, should be considered in evaluating microsite importance in individual cases. In intermediate to severe windstorm events, pioneer species are generally profiting most from the additional offer in microsites, requiring bare mineral soil and elevated locations for their establishment and growth. Under gap dynamics, shade-tolerant species benefit from dead wood and elevated locations as these offer safe sites in stands with abundant understorey vegetation

Toxicity and bioaccumulation of rare earth metals in Daphnia magna

International audienceThe Canadian Rare Earth Element (REE) Network aims producing and processing 20% of the global supply of critical REEs in Canada by 2018 which may lead to increased REE emissions into the environment. The potential hazard of elevated concentrations of REEs to biota is still insufficiently investigated and is fraught with potential methodological problems. In the current presentation, three aspects of REEs toxicity to Daphnia magna will be discussed: 1) effect of test medium on acute toxicity of REE; 2) chronic toxicity of REE; 3) toxicity and bioaccumulation of REE rich rock leachates. Daphnia magna is a particle-feeding zooplankton species with high potential of accumulating REEs. Acute and chronic toxicity of La, Ce, Pr, Nd and Gd nitrates to D. magna was evaluated according to OECD202 and OECD 211 guidelines. Acute toxicity was tested in OECD202 artificial freshwater (AFW) and natural lake water and chronic toxicity in natural lake water. To evaluate sedimentation, REEs' content in supernatants was measured by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (TXRF). Acute toxicity (48 h EC50 in mg REE/L) to D. magna, calculated based on nominal metal concentrations, was 19-31 in AFW and >50 in lake water. 48 h EC50 (mg REE/L), based on measured concentrations, was 0.2-1.5 in AFW and >0.2 in lake water. Chronic toxicity to D. magna , evaluated in lake water, was 0.3-0.5 mg REE/L. TXRF analyses showed that sedimentation of REEs was higher in AFW (at low concentrations) and at high test concentrations (in both test media). Bioavailability of REE from rock leachates was measured from REE rich monazite (MON) or allanite (ALA) bearing pegmatite rock material from Quebec (Canada). The materials were leached with artificial rainwater according to ISO/TS 21268-2 guideline. New leachate was produced at 6 leaching cycles performed during 28 days and analysed with ICP-MS and ICP-OES. Filtered eluates from day 1 and 28 were tested for acute toxicity (OECD202) to D. magna and those from day 14 to measure REE bioaccumulation in D. magna. Toxicity was seen only for MON eluates with significantly lower REE concentration compared to ALA. The toxicity did not decrease with weathering despite the decreasing REE content in the leachates. Thus, the toxicity of MON rock eluent was probably not (solely) induced by REE content. REE concentration in the eluates was low (<0.2 mg/L) compared to the concentration in the rocks (7000−12000 mg/kg). Almost no accumulation of REE from rock eluates was seen. In conclusion, in OECD202 and 211 test settings, REE solutions were more stable at low concentrations in organics-containing natural water (environmentally relevant conditions) compared to mineral artificial OECD202 test medium. The release of REEs from rock material in the leaching tests was low and decreased in time. Toxicity of rock eluents to Daphnia magna was not (only) related to REE content but (also) to additional factors that are yet to be specified. This work was supported by Estonian Research Council grant IUT23-5. The authors would like to acknowledge support by the COST Action TD1407 by means of a STSM Grant to Marge Muna