Degradation and residue dynamics of fluazinam in diverse indian soil types and water pH conditions: a comprehensive study using kinetic models

Fluazinam a promising fungicide, is not yet registered in India. Consequently it is important to study the dissipation of its specific formulation in Indian soil and water. This study focuses on the degradation and residue dynamics of Fluazinam (40% SC) in different soil types (alluvial, lateritic, coastal saline and black) and water pH (4.0, 7.0, 9.2). Adsorption kinetic models suggested that the half-life period (days) varies among soils following the order lateritic (Jhargram), 54.07 > alluvial (Mohanpur), 45.10 > coastal saline (Canning), 28.33 > black (Pune) 26.18. These differences are attributed to soil pH and organic carbon (OC) content, where higher pH levels reduce pesticide adsorption, leading to quicker dissipation, while higher organic carbon content provides more binding sites, slowing down the process. The first order kinetics explained the dissipation better compared to second order model across all soil types. The study also found that the half-life of was lowest at pH 9.2, as compared to pH 7.0, and very high stability at pH 4.0. Additionally, the study introduces an interactive R-based tool for analysing dissipation kinetics and half-life of different pesticides offering a valuable resource for researchers and stakeholders

Protein-Protein Interactions of Tandem Affinity Purified Protein Kinases from Rice

Eighty-eight rice (Oryza sativa) cDNAs encoding rice leaf expressed protein kinases (PKs) were fused to a Tandem Affinity Purification tag (TAP-tag) and expressed in transgenic rice plants. The TAP-tagged PKs and interacting proteins were purified from the T1 progeny of the transgenic rice plants and identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Forty-five TAP-tagged PKs were recovered in this study and thirteen of these were found to interact with other rice proteins with a high probability score. In vivo phosphorylated sites were found for three of the PKs. A comparison of the TAP-tagged data from a combined analysis of 129 TAP-tagged rice protein kinases with a concurrent screen using yeast two hybrid methods identified an evolutionarily new rice protein that interacts with the well conserved cell division cycle 2 (CDC2) protein complex

Electrophilic substitution of indoles : Part XXI - Further investigation on the formation of the benzazepinone skeleton

2573-2576An interesting observation was made during the electrophilic substitution of indole with 5,5-dimethyl cyclohexane 1,3-dione resulting in the synthesis of 2,3,4,5, 10,11- hexahydro-3,3-dimelhyl-11- (indo-3-yl)-dibenz-[b,f]azepine-1-one system. The reactions with 2-methyl- and 3-methyl indoles resulted in the formation of only the 1:1 product. The structures of the products have been settled on the basis of their UV, IR.1H and 13C NMR spectral studies and MS analysis

Reactions and rearrangements of triterpenoids-3-Epitaraxerol and its transformation products

1322-1330<span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" color:#0f0f0f;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-IN">An interesting rearrangement has been observed with 2, 14-taraxeradiene 1 using m-chloroperbenzoic acid. With this reagent compound 1, in methylene chloride, affords olean-2α-epoxy-12-ene-15α-oI 3 (confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis) through the intermediate 2α,14α-diepoxytaraxerane 4. The latter 4 has also been isolated from the same reaction mixture. This backbone rearrangement from the Δ14-taraxarene skeleton 4 to Δ12-0leanane structure 3, with C1 5-α-ol<span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" color:#282828;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-IN">,<span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" color:#0f0f0f;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-IN">confirms α-orientation of the epoxy ring formed at Δ14 in 4. Subsequent opening of the intermediate oxirane at Δ14 therefore must occurr via the generation of an incipient carbonium ion at C(14) to allow the migration of C(13)CH3 to C(14) from the same α phase. Compound 4 also undergoes rearrangement to oIean-12-ene-2α,3β,15α-trioI 5 with boron trifluoride etheratein methylene chloride.</span

Long-read sequencing data from pure cultures of <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 and ground beef inoculated with <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7

Foodborne pathogens are a significant cause of illness and infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has the potential to produce life-threatening complications. The current methods to identify STEC in meat involve culture-based, molecular, and proteomic assays and take at least four days to complete. This time could be reduced by using long-read whole genome sequencing to identify foodborne pathogens. Therefore, the goal of this project was to evaluate using long-read sequencing to detect STEC in ground beef. The objectives of the project included: establishing optimal sequencing parameters, determining the limit of detection of all STEC virulence genes of interest in pure cultures and spiked ground beef, and evaluating selective sequencing to enhance STEC detection in ground beef. Sequencing libraries were run on Oxford Nanopore Technologies’ MinION sequencer. Optimal sequencing output was obtained using the default parameters in MinKNOW, except for setting the minimum read length to 1 kb. All genes of interest (eae, stx1, stx2, fliC, wzx, wzy, rrsC) were detected in DNA extracted from STEC pure cultures within 1 hour of sequencing, and 30X coverage was obtained within 2 hours. All virulence genes were confidently detected in STEC DNA quantities as low as 12.5 ng. In STEC inoculated ground beef, software-controlled selective sequencing improved virulence gene detection; however, several virulence genes were not detected due to high bovine DNA concentrations in the samples. Growth enrichment of inoculated meat samples in mTSB resulted in a 100-fold increase in virulence gene detection as compared to the unenriched samples. The results of this project suggest that further development of long-read sequencing protocols may result in a faster, less labor-intensive method to detect STEC in ground beef. The sequencing data from this project has been uploaded.</p

Simultaneous quantification of carbamate insecticides in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Carbofuran (CFN), carbosulfan (CSN) and fenobucarb (FBC) are carbamate pesticides that are widely used in gardening and agriculture for the control of insects. Human poisoning due to occupational or self-poisoning exposures is also reported, so assays are required to quantify the plasma concentration of these insecticides. An LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of these three carbamate insecticides in the plasma of patients with acute intentional self-poisoning. Plasma samples were pretreated by acetonitrile for protein precipitation. Chromatography was carried out on a Luna C18(2) analytical column with gradient elution using a mobile phase containing acetonitrile and water with 10. mM ammonium acetate. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed by an Applied Biosystems MDS Sciex API 2000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) source in the positive ion mode. The total run time was 7. min. The assay was validated over a concentration range from 10 to 1000. ng/ml for CSN and FBC and 20-2000. ng/ml for CFN. The precision and accuracy for both intra- and inter-day determination of all analytes were acceptable