Regional growth and unemployment. The validity of Okun's law for the Finnish regions

International audienceThis paper offers a concise critical overview of Okun's Law, with particular attention for its relevance in open economic systems of regions. Based on an extensive set of economic data for Finnish regions, the existence of cointegration is tested using alternative statistical methods, viz. the residual-based test and the conditional error correction model. A novelty of the paper is to combine a method of hidden cointegrations with a method of removing cross-sectional dependence. After correcting for hidden cointegrations and cross-sectional dependence, both statistical methods used yield almost similar results and confirm the presence of cointegration for the relevant data on Finnish regions. The long-run Okun relationship for regions in Finland appears to confirm results found elsewhere in the literature on countries as a whole, although the coefficients tend to be smaller.Cette communication présente un aperçu critique concis de la loi d'Okun, et se penche tout particulièrement sur sa pertinence éventuelle pour les systèmes économiques ouverts dans les régions. Sur la base d'un ensemble de données économiques approfondies concernant les régions finnoises, on procède à des essais de l'existence d'une co-intégration, en appliquant des méthodes statistiques alternatives, à savoir les essais à base résiduelle et le modèle de correction des erreurs conditionnelles. Une nouveauté contenue dans cette communication est la combinaison d'une méthode de co-intégrations cachées avec une méthode d'élimination de la dépendance transversale. Après des corrections tenant compte des co-intégrations cachées et de la dépendance transversale, les deux méthodes statistiques utilisées produisent des résultats similaires, et confirment la présence d'une co-intégration pour les données relatives aux régions finnoises. Les rapports de longue durée de la loi d'Okun appliquée aux régions de la Finlande semblent confirmer les résultats relevés ailleurs dans la documentation générale sur les pays, même si les coefficients ont tendance à être plus petits

Container deployment strategy for edge networking

Conference code: 156753 Cited By :2 Export Date: 1 February 2021 References: AlertManager, , https://prometheus.io/docs/alerting/alertmanager/, Accessed: 2019-01-30; Docker Swarm Mode Overview, , https://docs.docker.com/engine/swarm/, Accessed: 2019-01-30; Google cAdvisor, , https://github.com/google/cadvisor, Accessed: 2019-01-30; Prometheus - Monitoring System & Time Series Database, , https://prometheus.io, Accessed: 2019-01-30; The Kubernetes Scheduler, , https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kube-scheduler/, Accessed: 2019-01-30; (2018) Ericsson Mobility Report, , https://www.ericsson.com/assets/local/mobility-report/documents/2018/ericsson-mobilityreport-june-2018.pdf, Technical Report; Balan, R., Flinn, J., Satyanarayanan, M., Sinnamohideen, S., Yang, H.-I., The case for cyber foraging (2002) Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on ACM SIGOPS European Workshop (EW 10), pp. 87-92. , https://doi.org/10.1145/1133373.1133390, ACM, New York, NY, USA; Gordon, M.S., Anoushe Jamshidi, D., Mahlke, S., Mao, Z.M., Chen, X., CoMET: Code offload by migrating execution transparently (2012) Proceedings of the 10th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI’12), pp. 93-106. , http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2387880.2387890, USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, USA; Habak, K., Ammar, M., Harras, K.A., Zegura, E., Femto clouds: Leveraging mobile devices to provide cloud service at the edge (2015) 2015 IEEE 8th International Conference on Cloud Computing, pp. 9-16. , https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUD.2015.12; Hindman, B., Konwinski, A., Zaharia, M., Ghodsi, A., Joseph, A.D., Katz, R., Shenker, S., Stoica, I., Mesos: A Platform for Fine-grained Resource Sharing in the Data Center (2011) Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI’11), pp. 295-308. , http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1972457.1972488, USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, USA; Pahl, C., Lee, B., Containers and clusters for edge cloud architectures – A technology review (2015) 2015 3rd International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud, pp. 379-386. , https://doi.org/10.1109/FiCloud.2015.35; Roughan, M., Simplifying the synthesis of internet traffic matrices (2005) SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., 35 (5), pp. 93-96. , https://doi.org/10.1145/1096536.1096551, Oct. 2005; Satyanarayanan, M., Bahl, P., Caceres, R., Davies, N., The case for VM-based cloudlets in mobile computing (2009) IEEE Pervasive Computing, 8 (4), pp. 14-23. , https://doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2009.82, Oct 2009; Saurez, E., Hong, K., Lillethun, D., Ramachandran, U., Ottenwälder, B., Incremental Deployment and Migration of Geo-distributed Situation Awareness Applications in the Fog (2016) Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Conference on Distributed and Event-Based Systems (DEBS’16), pp. 258-269. , https://doi.org/10.1145/2933267.2933317, ACM, New York, NY, USA; Shi, W., Cao, J., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Xu, L., Edge computing: Vision and challenges (2016) IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 3 (5), pp. 637-646. , https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2016.2579198, Oct 2016; Wu, C.-P., Suresh, M.A., Silva, D.D., Container lifecycle management for edge nodes: Poster (2017) Proceedings of the Second ACM/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC’17), p. 2; Yi, S., Hao, Z., Qin, Z., Li, Q., Fog computing: Platform and applications (2015) 2015 Third IEEE Workshop on Hot Topics in Web Systems and Technologies (HotWeb), pp. 73-78Edge computing paradigm has been proposed to support latency-sensitive applications such as Augmented Reality (AR)/ Virtual Reality(VR) and online gaming, by placing computing resources close to where they are most demanded, at the edge of the network. Many solutions have proposed to deploy virtual resources as close as possible to the consumers using virtual machines and containers. However, the most popular container orchestration tools, e.g., Docker Swarm and Kubernetes, do not take into account the locality aspect during deployment, resulting in poor location choices at the edge of the network. In this paper, we propose an edge deployment strategy to tackle the lack of locality awareness of the container orchestrator. In this strategy, the orchestrator collects information about latency and the real-time resource consumption from the current container deployments, providing a bird’s-eye view of the most demanded locations and the best places for deployment to cover the largest number of clients. We evaluated the proposed model using 16 AWS regions across the globe and compared to the standard deployment strategies. The experimental results show our edge strategy reduces the average latency between serving container to the clients by up to 4 times compared to the standard deployment algorithms. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.Peer reviewe

Pro-Diluvian: Understanding scoped-flooding for content discovery in information-centric networking

Scoped-flooding is a technique for content discovery in a broad networking context. This paper investigates the ef-fects of scoped-flooding on various topologies in information-centric networking. Using the proposed ring model, we show that flooding can be constrained within a very small neigh-bourhood to achieve most of the gains which come from areas where the growth rate is relatively low, i.e., the net-work edge. We also study two flooding strategies and com-pare their behaviours. Given that caching schemes favour more popular items in competition for cache space, popu-lar items are expected to be stored in diverse parts of the network compared to the less popular items. We propose to exploit the resulting divergence in availability along with the routers ’ topological properties to fine tune the flooding radius. Our results shed light on designing ecient con-tent discovery mechanism for future information-centric net-works

Efficient management of virtualized information-centric networks

The Internet has rapidly evolved from a network, connecting a couple of dozens of computers, to a network containing billions of devices. Furthermore, the current Internet is mostly used to deliver complex services with increasingly stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. However, the underlying network model has remained the same, making the Internet not well suited to optimally support the current user trends and services. Currently, a lot of effort is being made in the area of network virtualization and Information-Centric Networking (ICN) to support the evolution towards the QoS constraint distribution of large amounts of information. Even though both directions offer a lot of opportunities, multiple important challenges have to be faced when managing the placement of content inside the network and guaranteeing delivery efficiency. These challenges are further increased when a combination of both trends is considered. This paper gives an overview of these challenges and how this PhD will deal with the mutual influences of network virtualization and ICN in an efficient way

An Analysis of Private School Closings

We add to the small literature on private school supply by exploring exits of K-12 private schools. We find that the closure of private schools is not an infrequent event, and use national survey data from the National Center for Education Statistics to study closures of private schools. We assume that the probability of an exit is a function of excess supply of private schools over the demand, as well as the school's characteristics such as age, size, and religious affiliation. Our empirical results generally support the implications of the model. Working Paper 07-0