Strip Detectors Processed on High-Resistivity 6-inch Diameter Magnetic Czochralski Silicon (MCz-Si) Substrates

Tracking detectors for future high-luminosity particle physics experiments have to be simultaneously radiation hard and cost efficient. This paper describes processing and characterization of p+/n-/n + (n-type silicon bulk) detectors made of high-resistivity Magnetic Czochralski silicon (MCz-Si) substrates with 6-inch wafer diameter. The processing was carried out on a line used for large-scale production of sensors using standard fabrication methods, such as implanting polysilicon resistors to bias individual sensor strips. Special care was taken to avoid the creation of Thermal Donors (TD) during processing. The sensors have a full depletion voltage of 120-150 V which are uniform over the investigated sensors. All of the leakage current densities were below 55~ nA/cm\bf 2 at 200 V bias voltage. A strip sensor with 768 channels was attached to readout electronics and tested in particle beam with a data acquisition (DAQ) similar to the system used by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC. The test beam results show a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 40 for the test beam sensor. The results demonstrate that MCz-Si detectors can reliably be manufactured in the industrial scale semiconductor proces

Cerebrospinal fluid and MRI biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases:a retrospective memory clinic-based study

Abstract Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases are relatively sensitive and specific in highly curated research cohorts, but proper validation for clinical use is mostly missing. Objective: We studied these biomarkers in a novel memory clinic cohort with a variety of different neurodegenerative diseases. Methods: This study consisted of 191 patients with subjective or objective cognitive impairment who underwent neurological, CSF biomarker (Aβ42, p-tau, and tau) and T1-weighted MRI examinations at Kuopio University Hospital. We assessed CSF and imaging biomarkers, including structural MRI focused on volumetric and cortical thickness analyses, across groups stratified based on different clinical diagnoses, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson’s disease, vascular dementia, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and subjects with no evidence of neurodegenerative disease underlying the cognitive symptoms. Imaging biomarkers were also studied by profiling subjects according to the novel amyloid, tau, and, neurodegeneration (AT(N)) classification. Results: Numerous imaging variables differed by clinical diagnosis, including hippocampal, amygdalar and inferior lateral ventricular volumes and entorhinal, lingual, inferior parietal and isthmus cingulate cortical thicknesses, at a false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected threshold for significance (analysis of covariance; p < 0.005). In volumetric comparisons by AT(N) profile, hippocampal volume significantly differed (p < 0.001) between patients with normal AD biomarkers and patients with amyloid pathology. Conclusion: Our analysis suggests that CSF and MRI biomarkers function well also in clinical practice across multiple clinical diagnostic groups in addition to AD, MCI, and cognitively normal groups