La alfabetización de los emigrantes gallegos a América (1850-1960): luces y sombras

[Resumen] Este estudio pretende aclarar algunas dudas y paradojas sobre la dotación al- fabeta de los emigrantes gallegos a América. En primer lugar, trataremos de comprobar si el grado de alfabetización de los emigrantes fue bajo o alto respecto al de las sociedades implicadas en el flujo y al de otros grupos inmigrantes, verificando si el nivel de alfabetiza- ción de los emigrantes reflejó linealmente los débiles niveles de la sociedad gallega, o si bien se trató de una relación más compleja. En segundo lugar, veremos si se trataba de gentes que fueron objeto de una alfabetización de calidad, o si entre ellos que abundaron los que apenas sabían leer y escribir. En tercer lugar, trataremos sobre si el proceso alla- betizador gallego lue un hecho endógeno y ajeno al propio fenómeno migratorio, o si bien tuvo mucho que ver con las demandas premigratorias de los segmentados mercados labo- rales de los países de destino.[Abstract] This sludy aims to clear up certain doubts and paradoxes concerning the level 01 lileracy of Galician emigrants bound lor America. First 01 all, we will attempt to determine whether the literacy level of these emigrants was higher or lower than the literacy rate 01 the societies receiving this inllux 01 people and than Iha! 01 olher emigranl groups. We will also try to verify whelher or not the literacy level 01 the emigrants was a linear relleclion 01 the poor educationallevel in Galician society, or il il had to do with a more complex relationship. Secondly, we will examine the situation lo see il the emigrant population comprised indivi- duals who had received a quality educalion or il there was an abundance 01 people who "barely knew how lo read and wrile". Thirdly, we present a discussion to analyse whelher the literacy process in Galicia was an endogenous occurrence,unconnected to the migratory phenomenon in ilsell, or il, on Ihe other hand, il was closely linked to the pre-migratory de- mands 01 the segmented labour markets in the countries 01 destination

Thermal and electrohydrodynamic plumes: a compartive study

This paper deals with self similar thermal and electrohydrodynamic (EHD) plumes. The former arises from hot lines or points, whereas the latter arises when sharp metallic contours submerged in non conducting liquids support high electrostatic potential, resulting in charge injection. Although the motive force is buoyancy in one case and Coulomb force in the other, it is shown that the solution for EHD plumes is the same as for thermal plumes in the limit of large Prandtl numbers. We present the analysis of axisymmetric plumes for large values of Prandtl number, and this analysis is subsequently applied to EHD plumes. The validity of the approximations for EHD plumes is discussed in the light of experimental data.Ministerio de ciencia y tecnología PB93-118

Pressure-induced structural, electronic, and magnetic effects in BiFeO3

We present a first-principles study of multiferroic BiFeO3 at high pressures. Our work reveals the main structural (change in Bi's coordination and loss of ferroelectricity), electronic (spin crossover and metallization), and magnetic (loss of order) effects favored by compression and how they are connected. Our results are consistent with the striking manifold transition observed experimentally by Gavriliuk et al. [Phys. Rev. B 77, 155112 (2008)] and provide an explanation for it.Comment: 4 pages with 4 figures embedded. More information at http://www.icmab.es/dmmis/leem/jorg

Fate of 15N-fertilizers in the soil-plant system of a forage rotation under conservation and plough tillage.

The long-term effect of conventional plough tillage (PT) and conservation minimum tillage (MT) on soil N (0-5, 5-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm), recovery efficiency of 15N-fertilizer (REN), plant N concentration and N exported with crops was evaluated during two years in a 14-year-old ryegrass-maize forage rotation. Adjacent PT (n=9) and MT (n=9) plots were randomly assigned in triplicate to three treatments to which 15NH4 15NO3 (10 atom % 15N) was applied in one of the three first fertilizations (15NOctober-, 15NMarch- and 15NMay-fertilizer), the others being done with unlabelled N. Plant N concentration (% N) was affected (p ryegrass-2 (1.9 ± 0.4%) > maize-2 (1.4 ± 0.1 %) > maize-1 (1.1 ± 0.2 %)] and the crop-tillage interaction (22 % of variance explained). Jointly considering all data, more 15N-fertilizer was recovered in the MT (25 ± 4 %) than in the PT soil profile (19 ± 6 %) at the end of the experiment whereas the N exported with the crops was unaffected by the tillage system and varied from 5-6 % (15NOctober-fertilizer) to 45-49% (15NMarchfertilizer) and 52-53 % (15NMay-fertilizer; despite only three instead of four subsequent crops were studied).The 15N unaccounted for in the case of 15NOctober-fertilizer (72 ± 5 %) was more than twice that in 15NMarch- (34 ± 7 %) and 15NMay-fertilizer (25 ± 14 %). Considering soil, site and weather conditions, denitrification and nitrate leaching during the ryegrass-1 crop were the most likely processes explaining the high losses of the 15NOctober-fertilizer. Results suggested a higher initial immobilization of the applied 15N in the soil organic matter (SOM) of MT, that reduces 15N availability to the first crop, followed by an increase of the residual availability of the fertilizer 15N to the subsequent 2-3 crops.Peer reviewe

Lime amendment effects on physico-chemical and chemical fluctuations of flooded soils

Rice growth in wetlands or paddy soils is economically important in Latin America.Lime amendment is becoming a conventional practice for rice production in this area. A field study was conducted to compare changes induced by liming paddy soils in Corrientes (Argentina). Three different treatments were considered: a control plot, with no lime addition, and two amended plots with 625 kg/ha and 1250 kg/ha rates of dolomite application. Before flooding and at two week intervals during ten weeks after flooding, the following soil physico-chemical and chemical parameters were measured in each of the treatments: Eh, pH, NH 4+-N, extractable Mn and Fe and P. In all the three treatments two weeks after flooding a sharply Eh fall and simultaneously a sharply pH rise was observed. Lime addition showed a clear trend to lower Eh values, all over the waterlogging study period. However, the initial differences in pH between the control plot and plots amended with dolomite vanished at the end of the ten weeks experience. Before flooding, high NH4+-N differences between treatments were also observed. In the control plot, the trend during anaerobiosis was to increase the low initial NH 4+- N level, whereas the high NH4+-N content at the beginning of the experience in the amended plots was somewhat reduced. Extractable Mn and Fe increased as a function of flooding duration and lime addition increased the extractability of these two elements, so that at the end of the experience Mn and Fe levels were much higher in dolomite amended plots than in control. Olsen- extractable P was also initially higher in the amended plots than in the control plot and after flooding no unique fluctuation trend was observed

Diffusion of the utopias. The academy and the media in times of pandemic

At the end of the 20th century, the disappearance of the great utopias occurs. Crises are favorable moments to imagine better worlds. Social scientists and humanists - because of their knowledge of reality and its possibilities for change - are privileged to visualize the Covid-19 crisis as an opportunity for change and transfer the orientation of change to all of society. This is a transcendental translation for the consolidation of utopia in the social imaginary. This work explores the rehabilitation of utopia in the exceptional circumstances of the pandemic's start by academics. Doing this identifies, classifies, and analyzes the specific proposals that these thinkers have published in the press to move towards a happy world. We note that the pandemic has not managed to rehabilitate the utopia and that the community's proposals for change are fragmented. We consider that this fragmentation is a symptom of micro-stories, which implies a shift towards micro-routes. However, medium-range utopias proliferate in which messages appear insistently and, in that sense, may be reflected in the social imaginar

Results from Bottom Trawl Survey on Flemish Cap of June-July 2007

A stratified random bottom trawl survey on Flemish Cap was carried out on June - July 2007, covering the bank up to 1460 m depth (800 fathoms). The survey was carried out on board R/V Vizconde de Eza, using a Lofoten bottom trawl gear, and 174 haul were done, 117 of them in the region with less than 730 m depth. Survey results are presented and compared with results of previous surveys in the series since 1988. Biomass and abundance indices are provided for main commercial species, as well as age composition for cod, American plaice, and Greenland halibut