Reversible and Irreversible Interactions of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) with Oxygen Studied by Spin-Sensitive Methods

Understanding of degradation mechanisms in polymer:fullerene bulk-heterojunctions on the microscopic level aimed at improving their intrinsic stability is crucial for the breakthrough of organic photovoltaics. These materials are vulnerable to exposure to light and/or oxygen, hence they involve electronic excitations. To unambiguously probe the excited states of various multiplicities and their reactions with oxygen, we applied combined magneto-optical methods based on multifrequency (9 and 275 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), photoluminescence (PL), and PL-detected magnetic resonance (PLDMR) to the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunctions (P3HT:PCBM; PCBM = [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester). We identified two distinct photochemical reaction routes, one being fully reversible and related to the formation of polymer:oxygen charge transfer complexes, the other one, irreversible, being related to the formation of singlet oxygen under participation of bound triplet excitons on the polymer chain. With respect to the blends, we discuss the protective effect of the methanofullerenes on the conjugated polymer bypassing the triplet exciton generation

ESTIMATION STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTIC THE RESISTANCE FLAT ROLLING OF A ALUMINIUM ALLOY AK4–1

Выполнено статистическое исследование характеристик прочности плоского проката из алюминиевого сплава АК4–1 на основе обработки промышленных данных. Показано, что выборку характеристик прочности отличает значительный рассев. Выявлено два максимума прочностных свойств в функции от толщины проката. Проблемными являются области производства тонких листов, получаемых методом холодной прокатки, а также толстых листов и плит. Указано на необходимость проведения структурного и текстурного анализа для выявления причин явлений.Statistical analysis of the strength characteristics of flat-rolled aluminum alloy AK4–1 based on industrial data processing is performed. Sample strength characteristics is described significant sieving. Two high strength maximums of properties as a function of the thickness of the sheets is identified. Thin sheets of production area, produced by cold rolling, are areas of concern are as well as thick plates. The need for structural and textural analysis to identify the causes of phenomena is indicated

SEPARATION OF DYNAMIC AND STATIC COMPONENTS OF THE LOAD DURING SHEEY ROLLING OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

Выполнен анализ реальных скоростных и нагрузочных диаграмм, полученных при прокатке алюминиевых сплавов. Определены периоды разгона и торможения прокатного стана, а также период стационарной прокатки. Методом сравнения крутящих моментов с учетом скоростей на диаграмме трапецеидального вида определен динамический момент прокатного стана.The analysis was being executed of real speed and load impedance diagram which were obtained by rolling aluminum alloys. It was defined accelerating period and deceleration of the rolling mill as well as stationary rolling period. It was defined dynamic torque of the rolling mill by using method of comparison the rolling torques taking into account speeds in diagram of trapezoidal species

Improved production procedure for manufacturing chromium bronze bars

A thermal deformation treatment (TDT) method is developed and implemented during production of industrial batches of chromium bronze bars, according to which aging is performed after intermediate billet drawing to a prefinishing diameter, then finishing drawing of an aged billet follows to a final diameter with a drawing factor of 1.10-1.25. Batches of bars treated by this method correspond entirely to all standard document specifications with respect to hardness and longitudinal curvature, and bars have the required marketable condition with smooth, defect-free, shiny surface typical for cold-drawn products. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

THE REASON FOR MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ANISOTROPY OF HOT ROLLED 6061 ALUMINUM ALLOY PLATE

Исследована анизотропия механических свойств горячекатаной плиты из сплава 6061 системы Al–Mg–Si после различных скоростных режимов прокатки. Прочностные свойства во всех случаях максимальны поперек направления прокатки и минимальны под углом 45º. Снижение скорости прокатки приводит к большему упрочнению. Анизотропия прочностных механических свойств горячекатаной алюминиевой плиты в основном определяется текстурой материала, показателем которой является усредненный по ориентировкам фактор Тейлора. Пластические свойства плиты оказались практически изотропными.Anisotropy of mechanical properties of alloy 6061 Al–Mg–Si system plate was studied after various speed rolling regimes. Structural behavior of all cases is maximized across rolling direction and minimal at an angle of 45°. Reduction of rolling speed leads to high hardening. The anisotropy of strength mechanical properties of rolled aluminum plate is mainly determined by material texture, which is average value with orientation of Taylor factor. Plastic properties of the plate were almost isotopic.Работа выполнена в рамках проектной темы Минобрнауки РФ (задание № 11.1465.2014/K) и гранта РФФИ (№ 16-32-00030 мол_а). Авторы выражают признательность за содействие программе поддержки ведущих университетов РФ в целях повышения их конкурентоспособности №211 Правительства РФ № 02.А03.21.0006

ДЕНЕЖНО-КРЕДИТНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА РОССИИ И ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ОГРАНИЧЕНИЯ ФИНАНСОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ

The paper focuses on impediments for efficient implementation of inflation targeting framework in Russia. Different structural and institutional problems of Russian economy and financial system are analyzed, including dependence on fuel sector, impact of external shocks, government-owned banks’ dominance, role of foreign capital on stock market and banking system, low level of trust, financial sanctions etc. Instead of implementing inflation targeting framework the authors offer switch monetary policy goals to crisis management with special focus on set of indicators, including exchange rate, and to supplement monetary policy by some capital account restrictions, macroprudential policy and fiscal policy (in terms of using development banks mechanisms). В статье анализируются ограничения для эффективного применения в России режима инфляционного таргетирования. Выделяются структурно-институциональные проблемы российской экономики (роль топливно-энергетического комплекса, зависимость от внешних шоков), финансовой системы (преобладание принадлежащих государству банков, значительная роль иностранного капитала, низкий уровень доверия, финансовые санкции). Предлагается вместо реализации режима инфляционного таргетирования сосредоточить денежно- кредитную политику России на решении текущих антикризисных задач, выделяя совокупность целевых индикаторов, включающих валютный курс, а также дополнить ее мерами валютного регулирования, макропруденциальной политики и бюджетно-налоговой политики.

Functional properties of the Su(Hw) complex are determined by its regulatory environment and multiple interactions on the Su(Hw) protein platform

The Su(Hw) protein was first identified as a DNA-binding component of an insulator complex in Drosophila. Insulators are regulatory elements that can block the enhancer-promoter communication and exhibit boundary activity. Some insulator complexes contribute to the higher-order organization of chromatin in topologically associated domains that are fundamental elements of the eukaryotic genomic structure. The Su(Hw)-dependent protein complex is a unique model for studying the insulator, since its basic structural components affecting its activity are already known. However, the mechanisms involving this complex in various regulatory processes and the precise interaction between the components of the Su(Hw) insulators remain poorly understood. Our recent studies reveal the fine mechanism of formation and function of the Su(Hw) insulator. Our results provide, for the first time, an example of a high complexity of interactions between the insulator proteins that are required to form the (Su(Hw)/Mod(mdg4)-67.2/CP190) complex. All interactions between the proteins are to a greater or lesser extent redundant, which increases the reliability of the complex formation. We conclude that both association with CP190 and Mod(mdg4)-67.2 partners and the proper organization of the DNA binding site are essential for the efficient recruitment of the Su(Hw) complex to chromatin insulators. In this review, we demonstrate the role of multiple interactions between the major components of the Su(Hw) insulator complex (Su(Hw)/Mod(mdg4)-67.2/CP190) in its activity. It was shown that Su(Hw) may regulate the enhancer–promoter communication via the newly described insulator neutralization mechanism. Moreover, Su(Hw) participates in direct regulation of activity of vicinity promoters. Finally, we demonstrate the mechanism of organization of “insulator bodies” and suggest a model describing their role in proper binding of the Su(Hw) complex to chromatin

Context Differences Reveal Insulator and Activator Functions of a Su(Hw) Binding Region

Insulators are DNA elements that divide chromosomes into independent transcriptional domains. The Drosophila genome contains hundreds of binding sites for the Suppressor of Hairy-wing [Su(Hw)] insulator protein, corresponding to locations of the retroviral gypsy insulator and non-gypsy binding regions (BRs). The first non-gypsy BR identified, 1A-2, resides in cytological region 1A. Using a quantitative transgene system, we show that 1A-2 is a composite insulator containing enhancer blocking and facilitator elements. We discovered that 1A-2 separates the yellow (y) gene from a previously unannotated, non-coding RNA gene, named yar for y-achaete (ac) intergenic RNA. The role of 1A-2 was elucidated using homologous recombination to excise these sequences from the natural location, representing the first deletion of any Su(Hw) BR in the genome. Loss of 1A-2 reduced yar RNA accumulation, without affecting mRNA levels from the neighboring y and ac genes. These data indicate that within the 1A region, 1A-2 acts an activator of yar transcription. Taken together, these studies reveal that the properties of 1A-2 are context-dependent, as this element has both insulator and enhancer activities. These findings imply that the function of non-gypsy Su(Hw) BRs depends on the genomic environment, predicting that Su(Hw) BRs represent a diverse collection of genomic regulatory elements

Orientation-dependent interaction between Drosophila insulators is a property of this class of regulatory elements

Insulators are defined as a class of regulatory elements that delimit independent transcriptional domains within eukaryotic genomes. According to previous data, an interaction (pairing) between some Drosophila insulators can support distant activation of a promoter by an enhancer. Here, we have demonstrated that pairs of well-studied insulators such as scs–scs, scs’–scs’, 1A2–1A2 and Wari–Wari support distant activation of the white promoter by the yeast GAL4 activator in an orientation-dependent manner. The same is true for the efficiency of the enhancer that stimulates white expression in the eyes. In all insulator pairs tested, stimulation of the white gene was stronger when insulators were inserted between the eye enhancer or GAL4 and the white promoter in opposite orientations relative to each other. As shown previously, Zw5, Su(Hw) and dCTCF proteins are required for the functioning of different insulators that do not interact with each other. Here, strong functional interactions have been revealed between DNA fragments containing binding sites for either Zw5 or Su(Hw) or dCTCF protein but not between heterologous binding sites [Zw5–Su(Hw), dCTCF–Su(Hw), or dCTCF–Zw5]. These results suggest that insulator proteins can support selective interactions between distant regulatory elements