Response to “Comment on ‘Atomization energies and enthalpies of formation of the SnBi[sub n] (n=1–3) gaseous molecules by Knudsen cell mass spectrometry’ ” [J. Chem. Phys. 118, 4766 (2003)]

Discusses atomization energies and enthalpies of formation of gaseous molecules of compounds containing tin and bismuth by Knudsen cell mass spectrometry. Procedure followed to evaluate the mass spectrometric equilibrium data regarding these molecules; Statistics of atomization energies and enthalpies calculated; Factors contributing to the necessity of high level of calculations to obtain these figures

Atomization Energies and Enthalpies of Formation of the SnBin (N=1-3) Gaseous Molecules by Knudsen Cell Mass Spectrometry

The equilibria involving the gaseous species SnBi, SnBi2, and SnBi3 above the condensed system Bi–Sn contained in a graphite cell have been investigated by the Knudsen effusion technique combined with mass spectrometry. Third law enthalpies for the reactionsSnBin(g)=Sn(cond)+nBi(g), n=1–3, were evaluated. By combining the experimental reactionenthalpies with the appropriate thermodynamic data taken from literature, the following atomization energies, ΔaHo0, and enthalpies of formation,ΔfHo298.15, in kJ mol−1, have been derived: SnBi, 191.1±12.0 and 317.5±12.0; SnBi2, 415.2±15.0 and 303.0±15.0; SnBi3, 603.4±18.0 and 323.0±18.0

The Dissocationi Energy and Heat of Formation of the Molecule NaCu

The reaction NaCu(g) = Na(g) + Cu(g) has been investigated by means of high-temperature mass-spectrometry, using a double oven technique. From the measured reaction enthalpy the dissociation energy D0 0(NaCu) = 41.2 ± 4.0 kcal mol-1 or 172.4 ± 16.7 kJ mol-1 and the standard heat of formation, ΔH0 f, 298 [NaCu(g)] = 64.3 ± 4.4 kcal mol-1 or 269.0 ± 18.4 kJ mol-1 have been obtained. The experimental dissociation energy of NaCu(g) is markedly lower than the value of 54 kcal mol-1 calculated after the Pauling model of a polar single bond

Thermodynamic Study of the Gaseous Molecules Al2N, AlN, and Al2N2 by Knudsen Cell Mass Spectrometry

The Knudsen effusion mass spectrometric method has been employed to measure the equilibrium partial pressures of the Al2N molecule over the AlN–Au–graphite system. Theoretical computations were carried out to determine the structure, molecular parameters, and thermodynamic properties of Al2N. The partial pressures have been combined with the calculated thermal functions to determine the atomization enthalpy,ΔaHo0, and enthalpy of formation,ΔfHo298.15, in kJ mol−1, of 783.2±15 and 342.7±15 for Al2N, respectively. Upper values for the dissociation energy of AlN, Do0(AlN,g)⩽368±15 kJ mol−1, and for the atomization enthalpy of Al2N2, ΔaHo0(Al2N2,g)⩽1402 kJ mol−1 have been obtained. These results are discussed and compared with recent theoretical literature values

Thermodynamic Investigation of the AINC and AICN Isomers by Knudsen Cell Mass Spectrometry

Equilibria involving the isomers AlNC and AlCN above a mixture of aluminum nitride, graphite, and gold contained in a graphite Knudsen cell were investigated with a mass spectrometer. The enthalpies of formation,ΔfHo0, and of atomization, ΔaHo0, in kJ mol−1, for AlNC and AlCN, were derived as 281.3±14 and 303.8±14, and as 1228.1±15 and 1205.6±15, respectively

Thermodynamic Investigation of the Si7 and Si8 Clusters by Knudsen Cell Mass Spectrometry

The Knudsen cell mass spectrometric method has been employed to measure the partial pressures of the Si[sub 7] and Si[sub 8] clusters under equilibrium conditions above liquid silicon, contained in a boron nitride liner inside a graphite Knudsen cell. Gaussian 2 (G2) theory and B3LYP density functional method were employed to determine the geometry, the vibrational frequencies, and the binding energy of the Si[sub 8] cluster. From the all-gas analyzed equilibria the following atomization enthalpies, Δ[sub a]H[sub 0][sup o](Si[sub n]), and enthalpies of formation, Δ[sub f]H[sub 298.15][sup o](Si[sub n]), in kJ mol-1, have been obtained: Si[sub 7], 2381±36 and 743±36; Si[sub 8], 2735±65 and 837±65. Experimental literature values for the electron affinities of Si[sub n](n=3–8) have been combined with present and previous results to obtain the bonding energies for the Si[sub n][sup -](n=3–8) cluster anions. The experimental atomization energies are compared with available theoretical values

Varieties of capitalism and institutional complementarities in the macroeconomy : an empirical analysis

Using aggregate analysis, this paper examines the core contentions of the "varieties of capitalism" perspective on comparative capitalism. We construct a coordination index to assess whether the institutional features of liberal and coordinated market economies conform to the predictions of the theory. We test the contention that institutional complementarities occur across sub-spheres of the macroeconomy by examining the correspondence of institutions across sub-spheres and estimating the impact of complementarities in labor relations and corporate governance on rates of growth. To assess the stability of the institutional features central to the theory, we assess the dynamics of institutional change in recent years. The evidence suggests that there are powerful interaction effects among institutions across sub-spheres of the political economy that must be considered if the economic impact of institutional change in any one sphere is to be accurately assessed.Mit Hilfe von Aggregatdaten analysiert dieses Papier Kernaussagen des "Varieties-of-Capitalism"-Ansatzes. Um beurteilen zu können, ob die Aussagen der Theorie mit den institutionellen Begebenheiten liberaler und koordinierter Ökonomien übereinstimmen, konstruieren wir einen ländervergleichenden Index der ökonomischen Koordination. Wir überprüfen die These von der institutionellen Komplementarität zwischen den verschiedenen Sphären politischer Ökonomien, indem wir das Zusammenwirken von Institutionen analysieren und den Einfluss komplementärer Institutionen der Arbeitsbeziehungen und der Unternehmenskontrolle auf die Höhe von Wachstumsraten untersuchen. Wir diskutieren darüber hinaus, wie stabil die institutionellen Begebenheiten in den vergangenen Jahren waren. Im Ergebnis zeigen sich starke Interaktionseffekte zwischen den Sphären politischer Ökonomien, die berücksichtigt werden müssen, um die wirtschaftlichen Wirkungen institutionellen Wandels in einzelnen Sphären zu verstehen

New early Eocene tapiromorph perissodactyls from the Ghazij Formation of Pakistan, with implications for mammalian biochronology in Asia

Early Eocene mammals from Indo-Pakistan have only recently come under study. Here we describe the first tapiromorph perissodactyls from the subcontinent. Gandheralophus minor n. gen. and n. sp. and G. robustus n. sp. are two species of Isectolophidae differing in size and in reduction of the anterior dentition. Gandheralophus is probably derived from a primitive isectolophid such as Orientolophus hengdongensis from the earliest Eocene of China, and may be part of a South Asian lineage that also contains Karagalax from the middle Eocene of Pakistan. Two specimens are referred to a new, unnamed species of Lophialetidae. Finally, a highly diagnostic M3 and a molar fragment are described as the new eomoropid chalicothere Litolophus ghazijensis sp. nov. The perissodactyls described here, in contrast to most other mammalian groups published from the early Eocene of Indo-Pakistan, are most closely related to forms known from East and Central Asia. Tapiromorpha are diverse and biochronologically important in the Eocene there and our results allow the first biochronological correlation between early Eocene mammal faunas in Indo-Pakistan and the rest of Asia. We suggest that the upper Ghazij Formation of Pakistan is best correlated with the middle or late part of the Bumbanian Asian Land-Mammal Age, while the Kuldana and Subathu Formations of Pakistan and India are best correlated with the Arshantan Asian Land-Mammal Age

Knudsen Cell Mass Spectrometric Investigation of the B2N Molecule

High-temperature Knudsen cell mass spectrometry has been used to study the equilibria involving the B2Nmolecule over the Si–BN system. Thermal functions needed in the evaluation of the mass spectrometric equilibrium data have been calculated from available experimental and theoretical molecular parameters. The enthalpy changes for the reactions2B(g)+Si2N(g)=B2N(g)+2Si(g),and BN(s)+B(g)=B2N(g)have been measured. The following atomization enthalpy,ΔaHo0,and enthalpy of formation,ΔfHo298.15,in kJ mol−1, of1045.5±18 and551.3±18 for theB2N molecule have been determined from these reactionenthalpies. Atomization energies of similar molecules have been compared and discussed