Arguments against Redistributive Justice based on Kant’s Doctrine of Private Right

According to Kant, “right in a state of nature is called private right” (MS, AA VI, S. 242). It is my claim that there is no room for a right to enforce the offer of benefits in the private right. Firstly, I will show how the concept of an innate right to freedom provides no conceptual foundation for a right to enforcement of alleged duties of cooperation. Since my argument is much more conceptual than hermeneutical, Isaiah Berlin’s analysis of negative liberty in “Two Concepts of Liberty” will be helpful here. Secondly, I will argue that the concepts of original acquisition and voluntary transfers are also at odds with the idea of a redistributive justice. At this point, it will be very useful to notice that the first two principles of justice in holdings of Robert Nozick roughly corresponds to the first two sections of Kant’s theory of acquisition of external things in the private right. Finally, I will sketch an objection against political uses of a principle of historical rectification of acquisitions. The principle of rectification is the third and last principle of Nozick’s entitlement theory of justice in distribution, and it should be of concern to Kantians too, since it is a mere principle of rectification of the two first principles. Due to the points I am going to make, I conclude that, if somewhere, redistributivism should make its case in Kant’s doctrine of public right, as a right of a State

Alternative Food Networks And New Producer-consumer Relations In France And In Brazil

This paper presents an analysis about agroecological alternative food networks and new producer-consumer relationships in France and Brazil. The investigation method is based on descriptive and qualitative research about 20 cases (qualitative interviews), selected with stakeholders (farmers, traders, consumers and food experts) in France and Southern Brazil. A typology about the characteristics and organization to short circuits trade is provided. The results show that alternative food networks are very diverse and dynamic, being a social, economic and environmental option to family farming, strengthening local markets and reconnecting producers and consumers. In these countries, the successful initiatives of alternative networks occur in places where there is coordination between food networks stakholders such as the government, NGOs, private enterprises, farmers and consumers' organizations.19212

A case study evaluating the effect of clustering, publication bias, and heterogeneity on the meta-analysis estimates in implant dentistry.

Meta-analyses may provide imprecise estimates when important meta-analysis parameters are not considered during the synthesis. The aim of this case study was to highlight the influence of meta-analysis parameters that can affect reported estimates using as an example pre-existing meta-analyses on the association between implant survival and sinus membrane perforation. PubMed was searched on 7 July 2021 for meta-analyses comparing implant failure in perforated and non-perforated sinus membranes. Primary studies identified in these meta-analyses were combined in a new random-effects model with odds ratios (ORs), confidence intervals (CIs), and prediction intervals reported. Using this new meta-analysis, further meta-analyses were then undertaken considering the clinical, methodological, and statistical heterogeneity of the primary studies, publication bias, and clustering effects. The meta-analyses with the greatest number and more homogeneous studies provided lower odds of implant failure in non-perforated sites (OR 0.49, 95 % CI = [0.26, 0.92]). However, when considering heterogeneity, publication bias, and clustering (number of implants), the confidence in these results was reduced. Interpretation of estimates reported in systematic reviews can vary depending on the assumptions made in the meta-analysis. Users of these analyses need to carefully consider the impact of heterogeneity, publication bias, and clustering, which can affect the size, direction, and interpretation of the reported estimates

Uso eficiente da água: uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento sustentável da agropecuária

En la mayoria de las áreas agrícolas irrigadas, observamos que el volúmen de água utilizado és superior al necesário para la producción satisfactória de los alimentos. La utilización eficiente del agua podrá  contribuir para solucionar problemas de escasés , reduzir los conflictos entre los usuários y aumentar, estabilizar y garantir la producción.. este trabajo muestra alternativas posibles para el uso con eficiencia del agua en el sistema agropecuário, bseado en experiencias desarrolladas en Europa y Estados Unidos , que buscan establecer critérios adecuados a la realidad brasileña. Luego de estudios participativos  tanto en Europa cuanto en los Estados Unidos  fueron publicadas  Directrizes con orientaciones para  utilizar métodos  de irrigación con reducción del desperdício, indicando tecnologias y formas de gerenciamiento baseados en la medición, información y  el control, irrigación programada,  modernización de las técnicas de irrigación; adecuación de las técnicas de irrigación de acuerdo con el clima; técnicas de manejo del suelo y de las espécies cultivadas y utilización de plantas de cobertura. Existen soluciones tecnológicas y gerenciales que pueden contribuyir para el uso eficiente y la optimización del uso del agua en la agricultura irrigada del Brasil. Para aplicar las técnicas y los métodos propuestos es necesário que se haga un levantamiento de lapotencialidad del cambio y de las mejoras que esas soluciones proponen para nuestro território.In most of the irrigated agricultural areas the volume of water used is higher than actually necessary for the satisfactory production of food. The efficiency in water use can help in solving the problems of scarcity, reduce conflicts between users and increase, stabilize and ensure the production. This paper shows possible alternatives for the water use efficiency in agriculture, based on guidelines developed in Europe and the United States, seeking to establish criteria for appropriate use for Brazilian conditions. After a participatory process of consultation, both in Europe as the U.S. guidelines have been published with orientations for the use of irrigation methods with less waste. The guidelines indicate managements and technological solutions, such as: use of measurement systems, information and control, planning of irrigation, improved irrigation techniques, adequate management of irrigation according to the climate, soil management and the cultivated species, and use of plant coverage. There are technological and managements solutions that can contribute to the efficient use and optimization of water use in irrigated agriculture in Brazil. To implement these solutions it is needed to evaluate the potential for improvement and set targets for the coming years.Na maioria das áreas agrícolas irrigadas o volume de água utilizado é superior ao realmente necessário para a produção satisfatória de alimentos. A eficiência no uso da água pode auxiliar na resolução dos problemas de escassez, diminuir conflitos entre usuários e aumentar, estabilizar e garantir a produção. Este trabalho mostra possíveis alternativas para o uso eficiente da água na agropecuária baseado em diretrizes desenvolvidas na Europa e Estados Unidos, procurando estabelecer critérios de uso adequado para as condições brasileiras. Após um processo de consultas participativo, tanto na Europa quanto nos Estados Unidos foram publicadas diretrizes com orientações como a utilização de métodos de irrigação com menores desperdícios. As diretrizes indicam soluções tecnológicas e gerenciais como a utilização de sistemas de medição, informação e controle, programação da irrigação, aperfeiçoamento das técnicas de irrigação, adequação da gestão da rega de acordo com o clima, manejo do solo e das espécies cultivadas e a utilização de plantas de cobertura. Existem soluções tecnológicas e gerenciais que podem contribuir para o uso eficiente e a otimização da utilização da água na agricultura irrigada no Brasil. Para a aplicação dessas soluções há a necessidade de avaliar o potencial de melhoria e estabelecer metas para os próximos anos

Selecting and implementing overview methods: implications from five exemplar overviews

This is the final version of the article. Available from BioMed Central via the DOI in this record.Background Overviews of systematic reviews are an increasingly popular method of evidence synthesis; there is a lack of clear guidance for completing overviews and a number of methodological challenges. At the UK Cochrane Symposium 2016, methodological challenges of five overviews were explored. Using data from these five overviews, practical implications to support methodological decision making of authors writing protocols for future overviews are proposed. Methods Methods, and their justification, from the five exemplar overviews were tabulated and compared with areas of debate identified within current literature. Key methodological challenges and implications for development of overview protocols were generated and synthesised into a list, discussed and refined until there was consensus. Results Methodological features of three Cochrane overviews, one overview of diagnostic test accuracy and one mixed methods overview have been summarised. Methods of selection of reviews and data extraction were similar. Either the AMSTAR or ROBIS tool was used to assess quality of included reviews. The GRADE approach was most commonly used to assess quality of evidence within the reviews. Eight key methodological challenges were identified from the exemplar overviews. There was good agreement between our findings and emerging areas of debate within a recent published synthesis. Implications for development of protocols for future overviews were identified. Conclusions Overviews are a relatively new methodological innovation, and there are currently substantial variations in the methodological approaches used within different overviews. There are considerable methodological challenges for which optimal solutions are not necessarily yet known. Lessons learnt from five exemplar overviews highlight a number of methodological decisions which may be beneficial to consider during the development of an overview protocol.The overview conducted by Pollock [19] was supported by a project grant from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government. The overview conducted by McClurg [21] was supported by a project grant by the Physiotherapy Research Foundation. The overview by Hunt [22] was supported as part of doctoral programme funding by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula (PenCLAHRC). The overview conducted by Estcourt [20] was supported by an NIHR Cochrane Programme Grant for the Safe and Appropriate Use of Blood Components. The overview conducted by Brunton [23] was commissioned by the Department of Health as part of an ongoing programme of work on health policy research synthesis. Alex Pollock is employed by the Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions (NMAHP) Research Unit, which is supported by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government. Pauline Campbell is supported by the Chief Nurses Office of the Scottish Government

Síndrome de Stevens-Johnson. Apresentação de Caso Clínico

Introdução: A Síndrome de Stevens-Johnson (SSJ) é uma doença mucocutânea rara e potencialmente fatal, mais frequente no sexo masculino, cuja incidência aumenta com a idade e em determinados grupos de risco. A SSJ e a Necrólise Tóxica Epidérmica (NET) são duas entidades da mesma doença, com severidade diferente. A etiologia não é clara, mas pensa-se que se deva maioritariamente a reacções adversas a fármacos. Caso clínico: Um jovem de 17 anos de idade, sem antecedentes pessoais relevantes, foi observado no Serviço de Urgência por surgimento de lesões maculopapulares, com 3 dias de evolução, dispersas pela face, cavidade oral, tronco e extremidades, com prostração e taquicardia. Foi internado com o diagnóstico de SSJ. Discussão e Conclusões: O SSJ e a NET têm grande morbilidade e considerável mortalidade. O rápido reconhecimento desta identidade, com a remoção do fármaco desencadeador é essencial. A perda da função de barreira da pele, com a consequente alteração da homeostasia, implica muitas vezes a manutenção da terapêutica de suporte em Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos ou de Queimados.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Advancing fish breeding in aquaculture through genome functional annotation

Genomics is increasingly applied in breeding programmes for farmed fish and shellfish species around the world. However, current applications do not include information on genome functional activity, which can enhance opportunities to predict relationships between genotypes and phenotypes and hence increase the accuracy of selection. Here, we review prospects for improving aquaculture breeding practises through the uptake of functional genomics data in light of the EU Horizon 2020 project AQUA-FAANG: ‘Advancing European Aquaculture by Genome Functional Annotation’. This consortium targeted the six major farmed fish species in European aquaculture, producing thousands of functional genomic datasets from samples representing embryos to mature adults of both sexes, and following immunological stimulation. This data was used to catalogue functional activity across the genome of each species, revealing transcribed regions, distinct chromatin states and regulatory elements impacting gene expression. These functional annotations were shared as open data through the Ensembl genome browser using the latest reference genomes for each species. AQUA-FAANG data offers novel opportunities to identify and prioritize causative genetic variants responsible for diverse traits including disease resistance, which can be exploited to enhance selective breeding. Such knowledge and associated resources have the potential to improve sustainability and boost production in aquaculture by accelerating genetic gain for health and robustness to infection, whilst reducing the requirement for animal testing. We further outline directions to advance and leverage genome functional annotation beyond the AQUA-FAANG project. Given the diversity of aquaculture sectors and businesses, the incorporation of functional genomic information into breeding decisions will depend on technological readiness level and scale of operation, with cost-benefit analysis necessary to determine the most profitable approach for each species and production system

AVALIAÇÃO DA ANOMALIA DA GRAVIDADE NA REGIÃO DO BARRAMENTO DA USINA HIDRELÉTRICA DE MAUÁ

A gravimetria consiste no conjunto de métodos e técnicas empregadas na medida do campo da gravidade terrestre, com o objetivo de mapear as variações de densidade da superfície da Terra ou de materiais nela contidos, de modo a subsidiar estudos em várias áreas das Geociências. A avaliação da anomalia da gravidade na região do barramento da Usina Hidrelétrica de Mauá se dá em função desse barramento ter sido construído no contexto geológico de rochas ígneas, na forma de soleiras de diabásio, da Formação Serra Geral, sobre rochas sedimentares, da Bacia do Paraná. Esta região apresenta uma forte estruturação caracterizada por fraturas, falhas transcorrentes e normais. Estas condições conferem cuidados especiais à obra, por parte do projetista, em função de sua menor resistência mecânica, menor densidade, maior porosidade e suscetibilidade a processos de degradação quando expostas ao intemperismo ou à ação hidráulica. Os resultados do processamento de dados gravimétricos realizados nesta pesquisa evidenciam sinais de que a variação do nível de água no reservatório causa variações no comportamento da anomalia residual. Evidencia também a presença de possíveis falhas na região da ombreira esquerda da barragem caracterizada por variação abrupta da anomalia residual, o que estaria de acordo com o mapeamento geológico realizado anteriormente e que identificou a presença de um maciço rochoso constituído de diabásio, que está segmentado por falhas normais e transcorrentes