Assessing fluoride and nitrate contaminants in drinking water resources and their health risk assessment in a Semiarid region of Southwest Iran

Spatial and temporal variability of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater resources of rural area of Saravan county, Iran were analyzed 2013�2017 using GIS (V10.3). The results were used for human health risk assessment, using probabilistic techniques. The annual mean concentration of fluoride during 2013 to 2017 in villages of Saravan county was 0.42, 0.62, 0.67, 0.57, and 0.55 mg L �1 , and the maximum values were 1.1, 1.42, 1.76, 1.46, and 1.3 mg L �1 , respectively. Also, the annual mean concentration of nitrate during 2013 to 2017 in Saravan county villages were 12.53, 14.1, 15.43, 14.34, and 14.02, and the maximum values were 66.1, 80, 35.6, 76.12, and 40 mg L �1 , respectively. Spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal variability of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater resources were relatively not constant over the years. The calculated HQ value of fluoride was for groups of infant (0.013�0.235), children (0.035�1.83), teenagers (0.067�1.1), and adults (0.053�0.94). The maximum HQ value was >1 for children and teenagers during the study period. Meanwhile, the HQ values of nitrate were (0.005�0.4) for infants, (0.035�2.69) children, (0.025�2) teenagers, and (0.02�1.6) for adults. Hence, the maximum HQ value was >1 for children, teenagers, and adult during the study period. This study showed that children, teenagers, and adult are vulnerable groups at risk of non-carcinogenic hazards for being exposed to drinking water with high fluoride and nitrate concentration. © 2019 Desalination Publications. All rights reserved

Retraction notice to �A survey of the secondary exposure to organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides and the impact of preventive factors in female villagers� Chem. 240 (2020) 124887(S0045653519321265)(10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124887)

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the authors and Editor-in-Chief. This paper has been retracted because the authors have found numerous errors in their method used for the analysis of the various pesticides. The extent of the errors is too large to make a simple correction possible. © 2020 Elsevier Lt

A survey of the secondary exposure to organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides and the impact of preventive factors in female villagers

Organophosphates (OPs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are two main types of pesticides that are widely used worldwide, and their toxicities have been reported in high-risk individuals, such as farmers and their wives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of mentioned pesticides in farmers' wives (FWs) and compare them with the control group; we also aimed to assess the effect of personal health factors on the biochemical parameters. This case-control study was conducted on two FWs and control groups, consisting of 124 and 62 individuals, respectively. Serum levels of OCPs were measured using gas chromatography (GC) method. In addition, the activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated in all participants. Additionally, the observance of personal health guidelines was assessed. Serum levels of OCPs in the FWs group were significantly higher than the controls. In addition, AChE activity in FWs was significantly lower than the controls. Moreover, it was found that higher levels of education lead to a better observation of most individual health guidelines, which results in reducing the biological adverse effects of pesticides. The results of this study indicated that the use of OCPs, as an illegal pesticide with known toxic and carcinogenic effects, has spread to southern Iran, which may have biological toxic effects. Also, observing the personal health points significantly reduced these complications and it is, therefore, recommended that more attention should be paid to this issue. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved