Multi-point monitoring of nitrous oxide emissions and aeration efficiency in a full-scale conventional activated sludge tank

In this work the biological tank of a WRRF in Italy was monitored placing five floating hoods on a plug-flow-like biological aerated tank surface in order to capture emission dynamics in both time and space domains. The five hoods report which location is more responsible for N2O production at a certain moment of the day. Moreover, with this experimental investigation, a spatial shift in N2O production towards the end of the biological tank could be detected. This provides important insights in the changes in biological dynamics especially with varying incoming load

Preventing the Reintroduction of Malaria in Mauritius: A Programmatic and Financial Assessment

Sustaining elimination of malaria in areas with high receptivity and vulnerability will require effective strategies to prevent reestablishment of local transmission, yet there is a dearth of evidence about this phase. Mauritius offers a uniquely informative history, with elimination of local transmission in 1969, re-emergence in 1975, and second elimination in 1998. Towards this end, Mauritius's elimination and prevention of reintroduction (POR) programs were analyzed via a comprehensive review of literature and government documents, supplemented by program observation and interviews with policy makers and program personnel. The impact of the country's most costly intervention, a passenger screening program, was assessed quantitatively using simulation modeling

Total and per capita program costs, 1948–2008.

<p>*The bars reflect real data on expenditure per intervention while the lighter shading is extrapolated based on averages from 1982–1988. Literature indicates a similar allocation of funds, although surveillance-attributed expenditure was probably proportionally higher around 1960 due to a change of strategy with a new focus on surveillance. This figure indicates that the cost of malaria control dropped steadily since 1982, with per capita costs dropping faster than total costs due to growing population size (NB different vertical scales).</p

Costs and capacity of workforce.

1<p>It was not possible to calculate full time equivalents (FTEs) for the first elimination period so the full staff was used. However, planning documents from the campaign indicate that most staff were engaged directly in the three year campaign.</p>2<p>While total expenditure for personnel was available for 1960–1961 in technical reports on the elimination program, exact figures for total workforce and FTEs were not available.</p

Simulated annual risk of indigenous transmission in Mauritius with and without passenger screening at a range of potential R_C values.

<p>Simulated annual risk of indigenous transmission in Mauritius with and without passenger screening at a range of potential R_C values.</p