Suitability of viscosity measurement methods for liquid food variety and applicability in food industry - A review.

Although there are several approaches to measure viscosity of liquid foods in the literature, the successful selected technique depends on the specific product and the functional characteristics that need to be analyzed. Accordingly, it is not an easy task for food technologists to determine the suitable approach to be used. Therefore briefing the existing methods, working principles, advantages, limitations and their successful applications for well known published articles, may enable the researchers to choose the optimum approach. The intensive review revealed that the most commonly used viscosity measurement devices are capillary flow viscometers, orifice type viscometers, falling ball viscometers, and rotational viscometers. Glass capillary viscometers are widely used for measuring low to medium viscosity of Newtonian fluids. In order to measure the viscosity of difficult fluids like those having large particles non-conventional geometries such as mixer viscometry method is used. Tube viscometer method which might be considered as a wide-bore capillary viscometer with a special capability to handle suspensions is currently used to determine rheological behaviour of a product after a thermal treatment. Scraped surface heat exchangers (SSHE) are widely used in food industry for thermal treatment of very viscous food products. Mass detecting capillary viscometer is a new technique to measure the viscosity of milk and soymilk products. In order to measure the viscosity of food stabilizers coaxial viscometers are recommended. Also, possibly the best known of the orifice viscometers in the food industry is the dipping-type Zahn viscometer. Finally, it could be inferred that the viscosity ought to be independent on the instrument, so different instruments will yield the same results, but this is a theoretical concept and different instruments rarely yield identical results

Perilaku Asertif Dan Kecenderungan Kenakalan Remaja Berdasarkan Pola Asuh Dan Peran Media Massa

Theoretically the adolescent psychological development is a transition period which is marked by changes in biological, psychological and social aspects. Empirically, the increasing trend of juvenile delinquency is caused by the inability of the early adolescents to be assertive so that their personality become weak and they can easily fall into negative things. This study aimed at determining the extent to which environment and mass media have the influence on assertive behaviour and juvenile delinquency trend in Junior High School in West Java Province. The respondents of this research were 458 students of Junior High Schools in West Java. Questionnaire was used to collect the data. Samples were chosen by using stratified random sampling technique. Data analysis employed Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with two-stages testing: measurement model and structural model, using Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS). The results of this study revealed that all hypothetical statements have significant effects. The findings showed that the increasing level of students' assertive behaviour can decrease the tendency of juvenile delinquency in them. Keywords: assertive behaviour, parenting, mass media, juvenile delinquency tren

Retrospective Investigation of Enteric Illnesses in Pet Animals

Recording and analysis of data are key elements to understand the epidemiology of various infectious and zoonotic diseases such as enteric pathogens and conditions. In this study, the clinical records of Alhelal Alazraq veterinary clinic in Tripoli were investigated for enteric diseases and illnesses in cats and dogs during the period of 2010–2015. The diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines within the Libyan veterinary system were also assessed and discussed based on the retrieved information and records. A total of 859 cases representing 528 (61%) from cats and 331 (39%) from dogs were retrieved and analysed using descriptive analysis. The cases were originated from five major areas from the center of Tripoli and the surrounding areas. Of these, 835/859 (97%) cases adopted antimicrobial based therapies and administered various antibiotic classes mainly and respectively using penicillin (652; 78%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (229; 27%). The current study is the first retrospective investigation that analysed clinical and medical information from a major veterinary clinic in Libya. Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines in the veterinary settings in Libya should be carefully reviewed and addressed. Retrospective studies and research programmes that monitor and investigate the occurrences of zoonotic and emerging pathogens particularly in relation to antimicrobial resistance are warranted in the Libyan health and medical system

Penilaian dan Pemetaan Kerusakan Lahan untuk Produksi Biomassa di Kecamatan Mijen, Kota Semarang

Adanya peningkatan jumlah penduduk dan pertumbuhan di perkotaan memerlukan lahan. Disisi lain adanya pertambahan penduduk tersebut memerlukan supply bahan pangan yang banyakartinya diperlukan lahan pertanian yang luas, ditambah dengan adanya kualitas tanah yang baik sehingga akan mendukung dalam peningkatan pangan.Tanahmerupakan sumber daya alam yang tidak terbarukan, pemanfaatnya harus melibatkan upaya pengendalian kerusakan lahan agar kelestarinnya dapat terjaga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk “Penilaian dan Pemetaan Kerusakan Lahan Untuk Produksi Biomassa di Kecamatan Mijen Kota Semarang”. Empat metode tahapan utama dalam proses pembuatan peta kerusakan lahan untuk produksi biomassa yaitu penentuan peta kondisi awal tanah, pembuatan potensi kerusakan tanah, verifikasi lapangan, dan penetapan status kerusakan tanah. Pengambilan 55 titik sampel di Kecamatan Mijen mempertimbangkan 10 parameter yaitu ketebalan solum, batuan permukaan, parameter pH, daya hantar listrik, komposisi fraksi pasir, berat isi, prositas total, derajat pelulusan air, redoks dan mikroba. Untuk penilaian status kerusakan tanah setiap parameternya dilakukan dengan metode pembobotan dan skoring. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa status kerusakan lahan di Kecamatan mijen yaitu rusak ringan dengan luas sebesar 4.200,17 hektar atau sekitar 72,99% dari seluruh luas Kecamatan Mijen. Luasan kategori rusak ringan tertinggi berada pada Kelurahan Wonoplumbon, Mijen dan Kedungpane. Sedangkan yang paling rendah di Kelurahan Polaman dan Karangmalang. Paramter yang paling berpengaruh dalam kerusakan lahan di Kecamatan Mijen adalah redoks, derajat pelulusan air dan berat isi. Sedangkan parameter ketebalan solum, batuan permukaan, parameter pH, daya hantar listrik, komposisi fraksi pasir,prositas total, dan mikroba masih dalam kategori diambang batas

Oxidative stability of virgin coconut oil compared with RBD palm olein in deep-fat frying of fish crackers

The oxidative stability of virgin coconut oil (VCO) in deep fat frying at 185 ± 5°C for a total of 30 hours was evaluated and compared with that of similarly-treated RBD palm olein (RBDPO) based on changes in the peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (p-AV), total oxidation (TOTOX) value, total polar compound (TPC) content and color. The sample used in the frying study is a favorite Malaysian snack, fish crackers, a dried product comprising mainly of sago starch and comminuted fish. Twenty grams of the crackers were fried for 60-90 seconds in 1.5 kg of oil, 12 batches a day at an interval of 5 minutes, for five consecutive days. On each day of frying, fresh oil was added to replenish the oil used to its original volume before the next frying was carried out. Results show that there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in all the parameters tested with frying time, regardless of the oil use. However, the rate of change differed between the two oils. The highest values for peroxides (meqO2/kg) were 14.02 (initial value, 1.31) for RBDPO recorded after the third day of frying and a significantly (P<0.05) lower value of 10.07 (initial value, 3.62) for VCO over the same period of time. These represented a 10.7- and 2.8-folds increase in peroxide values, respectively, for VCO and RBDPO. The highest peroxide value for VCO (12.24) was recorded after the fourth day of frying. For p-anisidine result, the value recorded at the end of the frying period was 6.27 for RBDPO and 5.87 for VCO. The rate of increase in total oxidation (TOTOX) value was faster inRBDPO (5.19 units per day) compared to VCO (3.67 units per day) during the five consecutive days of frying. The amount of total polar compounds (TPC) in VCO (15.11%) was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of RBDPO (19.3%). The color of the oils increased with frying time, and being initially near colorless, the change in redcolor index for VCO was far greater than for RBDPO. RBDPO did not undergo a significant red color change until the third day of frying

Impact of the Nozzle Angles on Counterflow Diffusion Flame to Strain Rate Variations

The Diffusion laminar combustion of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and air is studied experimentally using counterflowing axisymmetric jets. Attributes of this type of burner arrangement for studying laminar combustion are discussed in terms of flame geometry, angle of nozzle, strain rate, and measurement access. In the current research, an integrated combustion system was designed and developed for a type of counterflow diffusion flame. To study formation of the disc flame and the limits of stability, three types of nozzle with different angles (30&deg;, 45&deg;, and 60&deg;) were used, an integrated design of two perpendicular burners was made to maintain the temperature of the mixture constant before the reaction. In the current study the charts of flame stability of diffusion flame with different equivalence ratios (0.65&le; ϕ &ge;1.45) are obtained , and determine the limits of temperature distribution and strain rate

Incidence of Diabetes mellitus at the Federal Medical Centre Katsina, Katsina State, Nigeria: A Retrospective Study

A six-year (2002 &ndash; 2007) retrospective study of hospital records (in-patients) was carried out to investigate the incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in Katsina. The records showed that a total of 754 cases were attended within the study period. The study showed yearly increase in the incidence of the disease with the highest incidence of 288 (38.20%) in the year 2007 and the least 65 (8.62%) in the year 2002. More males suffered from the disease 456 (60.48%) than females 298 (39.52%). The incidence was also found to be high 289 (38.33%) in the age range 65 and above, while age range 25 &ndash; 34 was least affected 28 (3.71%). Ways on how to live free of Diabetes Mellitus were also recommended.Keywords: Age Range, Diabetes Mellitus, Incidence, Hospita