PERUBAHAN BIOLOGIS DAN FISIOLOGIS SEBAGAI INDIKATOR MASAK BENIH KAKAO HIBRIDA

ABSTRAKProgram pengembangan dan rehabilitasi tanaman kakao membutuh-kan benih bermutu. Mutu benih antara lain ditentukan oleh saat panenyang tepat, terutama berhubungan dengan masak fisiologis. Beberapaindikator penting yang berkaitan dengan masak fisiologis benih adalahkarakteristik biologis dan fisiologis. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan diKebun Induk Benih Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao (Puslitkoka) Jember,Laboratorium Fisika dan Laboratorium Ilmu dan Teknologi Benih IPB,serta Rumah Kaca Balai Penelitan Bioteknologi Perkebunan Indonesia,Bogor pada bulan Februari-September 2008. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk(1) mempelajari perubahan biologis dan fisiologis selama perkembanganbenih kakao hibrida, (2) mengetahui hubungan antar berbagai karakterbiologis dan fisiologis benih yang mencerminkan mutu benih, dan (3)menentukan saat panen yang tepat benih kakao hibrida TSH 858 xSca 6 dan ICS 60 x Sca 6. Benih yang digunakan berasal dari hasilpersilangan buatan antara kakao TSH 858 x Sca 6 dan ICS 60 x Sca 6.Umur panen benih yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah 120, 135, 150,165, dan 180 hari yang dihitung saat setelah antesis, dan setiappengamatan diulang 4 kali. Analisis data disajikan dalam bentuk grafikdengan data primer ditambah standar deviasi dalam program Excel danuntuk mengetahui hubungan dari masing-masing karakter mutu benihdilakukan ”analisis path” menggunakan SAS dari Windows v 9.1. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan dua fase perkembangan benih. Fase perkem-bangan hingga masak fisiologis (fase 1) dan fase setelah masak fisiologis(fase 2) kakao hibrida TSH 858 x Sca 6 dan ICS 60 x Sca 6. Masakfisiologis benih kakao hibrida TSH 858 x Sca 6 tercapai pada saat 150HSA dan ICS 60 x Sca 6 pada 165 HSA. Daya kecambah, indeks vigor,K CT -R, T 50 , bobot basah dan bobot kering benih, karotenoid dan antosianinbenih dan buah, jumlah daun, dan tinggi bibit dari benih kakao hibridaTSH 858 x Sca 6 dan ICS 60 x Sca 6 mencapai maksimum pada saatmasak fisiologis dan menurun pada fase kedua. Selama periodeperkembangan benih terjadi penurunan total klorofil benih dan buah,sedangkan warna buah kuning mengalami peningkatan. Karakter yangberhubungan langsung dengan mutu benih pada saat masak fisiologisbenih kakao hibrida TSH 858 x Sca 6 dan ICS 60 x Sca 6 adalah warnabuah kuning, indeks vigor, total klorofil benih dan buah, karotenoid danantosianin benih, T 50 , tinggi bibit, K CT -R, dan bobot kering benih.Kata kunci: Theobroma cacao, biologi benih, fisiologi benih, karakteristikbenih, mutu benihABSTRACTBiological and Physiological Changes as Indicator ofMaturity of Hybrid Cacao SeedThe development and rehabilitation programs of cacao need highquality seeds. The high quality of cacao seeds is influenced by seedsphysiological maturity and harvesting time. Several important indicatorsrelated to the seed physiological maturity are biological and physiologicalcharacters. The research objectives were: (1) to study biological andphysiological changes during of seed development, (2) to study on thecorrelation of various characteristics related with seeds physiology andquality, (3) to determine the most appropriate harvesting time for hybridcacao seed of TSH 858 x Sca 6 and ICS 60 x Sca 6. The research wasconducted at Coffee and Cacao Research Institute of Indonesia(Puslitkoka) in Jember, IPB Biophysics and Seeds and TechnologyLaboratory and Biotechnology Research Institute for Estate CropsIndonesia glass house in Bogor from February to September 2008. Theseeds were originated from hand pollination of TSH 858 vs Sca 6 and ICS60 vs Sca 6 hybrids from Puslitkoka Jember. The seeds for this researchwere harvested on: 120, 135, 150, 165, and 180 days after anthesis (DAA);with four replications each. Data were analyzed and presented as graphs,standard deviation in excel; while the relationship of each character ofseeds quality was determined using path analysis by SAS for Windows v.9.1. The results showed that the seed physiological changed on two phasesduring its development. The first phase started from seeds development upto physiological maturity for TSH 858 x Sca 6 and as well ICS 60 x Sca 6hybrids, and second phases started after physiological maturity. Thephysiological maturity of each seeds is 150 DAA for TSH 858 x Sca 6 and165 DAA for ICS 60 x Sca 6 hybrids. Seed germination percentage, vigorindex, germination rate (K CT -R and T 50 ), wet and dry weight of seed, seedsand fruits carotenoid content, seed and fruit anthocyanin content, numberof leaves, and height of seedling reached maximum when seed achievedphysiological maturity and decreased afterward. During seed development,there was decreasing of seeds and fruits chlorophyll content and increasedfor the yellow color of fruit. The characters which showed directcorrelation with seeds quality during seed development of TSH 858 x Sca6 and ICS 60 x Sca 6 hybrids are: yellow color of fruit, vigor index,chlorophyll content for seeds and fruit, seed carotenoid and anthocyanincontent, germination rate (T 50, K CT -R), seedling height and seed dry weight.Key words: Theobroma cacao, seed biological, seed physiological, seedcharacteristic, seed qualit

RF MEMS Based Tunable Bowtie Shaped Substrate Integrated Waveguide Filter

A tunable bandpass filter based on a technique that utilizes substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and double coupling is presented. The SIW based bandpass filter is implemented using a bowtie shaped resonator structure. The bowtie shaped filter exhibits similar performance as found in rectangular and circular shaped SIW based bandpass filters. This concept reduces the circuit foot print of SIW; along with miniaturization high quality factor is maintained by the structure. The design methodology for single-pole triangular resonator structure is presented. Two different inter-resonator couplings of the resonators are incorporated in the design of the two-pole bowtie shaped SIW bandpass filter, and switching between the two couplings using a packaged RF MEMS switch delivers the tunable filter. A tunning of 1 GHz is achieved for two frequency states of 6.3 and 7.3 GHz. The total size of the circuit is 70mm x 36mm x 0.787 mm (LxWxH)

PATOGENISITAS BEBERAPA ISOLAT CENDAWAN TERBAWA BENIH KAKAO HIBRIDA

ABSTRAKBenih kakao hibrida diketahui dapat membawa beberapa mikrobayang bersifat patogenik dan menurunkan mutu benih. Penelitian bertujuanuntuk mengetahui pengaruh beberapa isolat cendawan terbawa benihterhadap penurunan viabilitas benih dan vigor bibit kakao hibrida.Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Benih Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan KakaoIndonesia, Jember, Laboratorium Mikrobiologi dan rumah kaca BalaiPenelitian Bioteknologi Perkebunan Indonesia, Bogor, pada bulan Julisampai November 2008. Penelitian menggunakan 13 cendawan terbawabenih kakao hibrida. Benih diperoleh dari persilangan buatan antara kakaoTSH 858 dengan Sca 6. Penelitian menggunakan model Rancangan AcakLengkap dengan 4 ulangan. Inokulasi patogen pada benih kakao dilakukandengan cara merendam benih di dalam suspensi patogen dengan kerapatan10 6 spora/ml selama 30 menit. Selanjutnya benih ditanam pada media pasirsteril dalam boks plastik ukuran 30 x 30 cm, menurut rancangannya.Setiap perlakuan diulang 4 kali. Parameter yang diamati adalah dayaberkecambah, indeks vigor, kecepatan tumbuh relatif, kecepatanberkecambah T 50 , laju pertumbuhan kecambah, jumlah daun, tinggi bibit,panjang akar, jumlah akar dan kematian benih. Data dianalisis denganANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Jarak Berganda Duncan. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa ke-13 spesies cendawan bersifat patogenikpada benih kakao hibrida. Cendawan patogen terbawa benih yang bersifatpatogenik adalah Aspergillus flavus, A. ochraceus, Cladosporiumherbanum,  Curvularia  geniculata,  Fusarium  oxysporum,  Phomaglomerata dan Macrophoma sp. Cendawan patogen tersebut dapatmenurunkan daya berkecambah 20-40%, indeks vigor 30-47%, kecepatantumbuh relatif 13-45%, dan meningkatkan kecepatan perkecambahan(T 50 menurun) dari 0,62-7,36 hari. Ke-13 isolat patogen dapatmenyebabkan kematian benih 29-52% dibanding kontrol. Ke-13 isolatpatogen juga menginfeksi bagian tanaman seperti kotiledon, daun, batangdan akar bibit kakao, namun hanya Phoma glomerata dan Macrophomasp. yang menurunkan tinggi bibit, jumlah daun, jumlah dan panjang akarsecara nyata. Tujuh dari 13 isolat cendawan patogen terbawa benih tidakhanya menurunkan viabilitas dan vigor benih kakao hibrida tetapi jugadapat berkembang pada bibit sehingga perlu penanganan benih secara dini.Kata kunci: benih hibrida, patogen terbawa benih, viabilitas, vigor benih,Theobroma cacaoABSTRACTIn 2009 revitalization of cacao plantations in Indonesia required 168million seeds. Distribution of low quality and infected seeds leads to hugelosses and in a long term will destruct cultivation of cacao. Seed-bornepathogens of infected cacao hybrid seeds are dangerous because they mayreduce physiological qualities of the seeds. The study aimed atdetermining the effect of several isolates of seed borne fungi on theviability and vigor of hybrid cacao seeds as well as growth of theseedlings. The study was conducted at the Seed Garden Indonesian Coffeeand Cacao Research Center in Jember, Microbiology Laboratory and glasshouse of Biotechnology Research Institute for Estate Crops of Indonesia,Bogor, from July to November 2008. The study used 13 seed-borne fungiin hybrid cacao. The cacao seeds were obtained from hand pollinatedcrossing between TSH 858 with Sca 6. The experiment was arranged usingCompletely Randomized Design with four replicates. Cacao seeds wereinoculated by immersing them for 30 minutes in the spore suspension of13 isolates of seed-borne fungi CTB at a density of 10 6 spores/ml. Afterinoculation, the seeds were planted on sterile sand in a plastic box (30 x 30cm). Parameters observed were germination rate, vigor index, KCT-R T 50rate of seedling growth, leaf number, seedling height, root length, rootnumber, and level of pathogenicity. Data were analyzed by ANOVAfollowed with Duncan's Multiple Test. The results showed that the 13species of seed-borne pathogens were in hybrid cacao seeds with varyingpathogenicity. The most pathogenic fungi were Aspergillus flavus,Aspergillus ochraceus, Cladosporium herbanum, Curvularia geniculata,Fusarium oxysporum, Phoma glomerata, and Macrophoma sp. Seed bornepathogenic fungi had the ability to reduce seed germination of 20-40%,vigor index of 30-47%, relative growth rate of 13-45%, and delayedgermination speed (T 50 decreases) from 0.62 to 7.36 days. Seed bornepathogens caused (29-52%) death seed compared to control. All that 13isolates of seed-borne pathogens infected plant tissues such as cotyledons,leaves, stems, and roots of cacao seedlings, but only isolates of Phomaglomerata and Macrophoma sp. which lowered the height of seedlings,leaf number, root number and length. The study indicated that infection ofseed-borne pathogens on cacao seed hybrid can cause seed death.Therefore, seeds should be handled properly.Key words: hybrid seeds, seed borne pathogens, viability, seed vigor,Theobroma caca

Development of conceptual design of Car Housing Side Mirror using Integrated Approach

his paper presents the development of automotive car housing side mirror using integrated approach. The car housing side mirror was chosen to illustrate the application of integrated approach. Various product development stages were conducted which initially from market investigation to concept development stage. Conceptual design stage is a main design stage which is analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was selected as a decision making method to determine the most appropriate design concept. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was employed to analysis design based on static analysis for determining the strength and performance of the design. The result shows design concept 3 (DC-3) is the preferred choice since it has the highest value among the five alternatives with a value of 0.4701 (47%)

Finite element analysis of composite cylinder with centre cutout under axial load and internal pressure

Results from Finite Element (FE) study on the response of composite cylinder shells with cutouts and subjected to internal pressure and axial compression are presented. The objective of the study is to improving the buckling load by applying the internal pressure whilst the compression load is applied. The effect of localized stress concentration distributed around the cutout region also being examined. The numerical results are obtained using ABAQUS finite element code software package. The composite cylinder shells were tested in two conditions which are a combination of axial compression load with internal pressure and a single axial compression load. The effects of varying internal pressure and cutout size on the pre-buckling, buckling, and post-buckling responses of the shell are demonstrated. Reasonable results comparison was obtained by reviewing previous literature. Results indicated that the load distribution and displacement of the cutout significantly influence the structural response of the shell. The results also indicate that the stress distributions can be affected by the size of the cutout under axial compression load

Dapur dan alat-alat memasak tradisional daerah Kalimantan Barat

Naskah ini menyajikan dua tipe dapur yaitu tipe dapur tradisional suku Melayu dan suku Daya. , Dari kedua tipe ini dibahas satu persatu mengenai lokasi dapur, tata ruang dapur, air dan sampah buangan dapur, tempat mencuci, dan mengeringkan alat. Karen a tungku adalah bagian dapur, maka tungkupun dibicarakan secara khusus. Tnngku yang dapat diinventarisasi adalah tungku batu , tungku besi, tungku ,batang pisang, tungku kayu , parak salai sebagai tungku, paun sebagai tungku , paangkoathn, dompor, dan nyampadatn

Investigate of wave absorption performance for oil palm frond and empty fruit bunch at 5.8 GHz

No Abstract

Improvement of cylinder buckling knockdown factor through imperfection sensitivity

This paper encompasses the work from numerical model by investigating the compression response of CFRP composite cylinder shells. The aim of this paper is to improve the reliability of NASA SP-8007 design guideline. The cylinder geometrical imperfections were tested through numerical modelling and validate with the experiment results. Good results comparison has been obtained through the work with small amount of errors. The cylinder shell load carrying capacity has been improved by average of 56% through imperfection study. This work builds confidence in the future use of non-linear finite element for the design of composite cylinder subjected to axial compression load

Potential of citronella oil as natural mosquito repellent agent in formulated fabric softener finishes / Aznin Baharudin... [et al.]

This study is focused on formulating a natural-based fabric softener using baking soda and vinegar with the addition of insect repellent finish of citronella oil and vanillin. The effectiveness of the fabric softener was evaluated by conducting a fabric stiffness test on both untreated and treated fabric samples with the softener formulated in this study. The assessment for the efficacy of insect repellence was carried out using 3 human participants of the same gender and build but different blood type, positioned at a mosquito infested area. Three tests; negative, positive, and normal tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the formulated mosquito repellent finishes in the fabric softener. The results show that the formulated fabric softener is good mosquito repellent and it is good at giving a soft effect on the treated fabric