The Introduction of Sloyd into Swedish Elementary Schools

2005-03departmental bulletin pape

多様性に根ざした「公正」としての「教育」活動の検討（第一部） : 地球っ子グループ「てんきりん」の２０２１年の活動に着目して<教育科学>

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Observation of B→K*ℓ+ℓ-

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大豆の生育に対するバナジンの影響に就いて（第1報）

departmental bulletin pape

Laszló Nagy. "The legal Status of Trade Unions in Hungary"

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The first intron carries important regions for isoform-specific <i>FLM</i> abundance.

<p><b>(A)</b> Schematic representation of the insertion lines used in this study. The <i>FLM-ß</i> gene model is depicted as shown in <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005588#pgen.1005588.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3C</a>, intron 1 of the respective lines is depicted as a grey bar. <b>(B)</b><i>FLM-ß</i> and <i>FLM-δ</i> expression of the lines shown in (A). Seven day-old seedlings were grown at 21°C and then transferred to 21°C or 15°C for further three days. Shown are averages and SE of three biological replicates. <b>(C)</b> Quantitative flowering time analysis of the lines shown in (A) with Col-0 and No-0 as wild type controls. Similar letters indicate no significant difference of total leaf number (Tukey HSD, <i>p < 0</i>.<i>05</i>). <b>(D)</b> Representative photographs of the lines shown in (A) at 26 and 47 days after germination (dag) when grown at 21°C and 15°C temperature and under long day photoperiod. <b>(E)</b> Correlation analysis of the flowering time experiment shown in Fig 6C and further two independent experiments (15°C and 21°C) with the expression values shown in Fig 6B. Note that flowering time values of the loss-of-function allele <i>flm-3</i> were also included in this analysis but that its <i>FLM</i> expression was set to 0 (no expression). R² values from linear regression are shown.</p

Identification of the Kil-0 early flowering locus.

<p><b>(A)</b> Heatmap of differentially expressed genes in Kil-0 versus Col-0 in 21°C as analyzed by RNA-seq. The upper panel shows the fold change expression between Kil-0 and Col-0 of the seven expressed genes in the 31.3 kb mapping interval depicted in <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005588#pgen.1005588.s002" target="_blank">S2E Fig</a>. The lower panel shows expression values of 267 flowering time genes. Fold changes are log₂ transformed, blue represents upregulation and red downregulation in Kil-0 compared to Col-0. Significantly differentially (<i>p < 0</i>.<i>01</i>) expressed genes are marked with arrows. <b>(B)</b> Gene model of the <i>FLM</i>^<i>Kil-0</i> locus of the Col-0 reference gene with the alternatively used exons 2 and 3 that give rise to <i>FLM-ß</i> and <i>FLM-δ</i> are shown in blue. Black boxes indicate exons, grey lines are 5’- or 3’-untranslated regions or introns. <b>(C)</b> Read coverage of the Kil-0 genomic data on the Col-0 reference gene model. Small sequence polymorphisms are indicated below the graph. Distribution of two independently assembled contigs from Kil-0 genomic sequence reads reveal the presence of a 5.7 kb insertion in <i>FLM</i> intron 1 with homology to the <i>A</i>. <i>thaliana</i> transposon At_LINE1-8. Sequence elements with homology to the LINE element are shown in dark blue in the lowermost panel. The respective positions of the primers used for the screening of further <i>A</i>. <i>thaliana</i> accessions are depicted.</p

Geographical distribution and molecular analysis of <i>FLM</i>^<i>LINE</i> accessions.

<p><b>(A)</b> Geographical distribution of the <i>FLM</i>^<i>LINE</i> accessions (blue pentagons) with the centroid (green star). Please note that one the accession with an ambiguous name was excluded due to the unavailability of geographic information. <b>(B)</b> Neighbour-Joining tree showing the genetic relationship among <i>FLM</i> sequences. The <i>FLM</i> sequences of the 10 <i>FLM</i>^<i>LINE</i> accessions were analyzed together with Col-0 and further 88 randomly selected sequences. The clade harboring all <i>FLM</i>^<i>LINE</i> alleles is marked in blue; see <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005588#pgen.1005588.s008" target="_blank">S8 Fig</a> for a detailed representation of the entire tree. <b>(C)</b> qRT-PCR analyses of <i>FLM-ß and FLM-δ</i> transcript abundance of ten day-old seedlings of all <i>FLM</i>^<i>LINE</i> accessions when grown in 21°C long day photoperiod (upper panel). Averages ± SE of three measurements after normalization to Col-0 as a control are shown. The inserted graph shows the summarized log₂-transformed fold changes of <i>FLM</i>^<i>LINE</i> accessions only (Col-0 excluded). The lower panel displays the ratios of <i>FLM-δ over FLM-ß</i> when normalized to Col-0. <b>(D)</b> Quantitative flowering time analysis of <i>FLM</i>^<i>LINE</i> accessions grown at 21°C and 15°C under long day photoperiod. Dashed lines mark the respective values for Col-0. Please note that Sp-0 and Ste-0 are vernalization-sensitive accessions. <b>(E)</b> The right graph shows the summarized rosette leaf number of the eight vernalization-insensitive <i>FLM</i>^<i>LINE</i> accessions. Student’s t-tests were performed in comparison to Col-0 unless indicated otherwise: * = p ≤ 0.05; ** ≤ 0.01; *** = p ≤ 0.001; n.s., not significant. El-0 was identified relatively late in this study and not included in this detailed analysis.</p

Model of the proposed mode of FLM action.

<p>At 15°C, flowering is delayed due to an active repression of floral activators by FLM-ß-SVP heterodimers. An increased ambient temperature (21°C) results in decreased levels of the transcriptional repressive FLM-ß-SVP protein complexes and floral activator genes are expressed. Flowering in Kil-0 (right) might be accelerated in comparison to Col-0 due to a decreased abundance of FLM-ß at 15°C as well as at 21°C while <i>SVP</i> is unaltered in the different temperatures and between Kil-0 and Col-0. Note that our study suggests a minor role of FLM-δ in the control of flowering time in the lines and conditions examined. The present model assumes that protein abundance follows transcript abundance except for SVP, which is degraded in response to increasing temperature [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005588#pgen.1005588.ref020" target="_blank">20</a>].</p

Early flowering is controlled by one major recessive locus in Kil-0.

<p><b>(A)</b> Representative photographs and <b>(B)</b> quantitative flowering time analysis (days to bolting ± SD) of Col-0 and Kil-0 grown under continuous light at 21°C and 15°C. <b>(C)</b> Representative photographs of 50 day-old plants of Col-0, Kil-0, and their F₁ hybrid grown under continuous light at 15°C. The average days to bolting ± SD are indicated above the photograph. <b>(D)</b> Distribution of flowering time and <b>(E)</b> average days to bolting ± SD in a population of 124 F₂ segregants from a Col-0 x Kil-0 hybrid as well as among Col-0 (n = 20) and Kil-0 (n = 15) plants. Student’s t-tests were performed in comparison to the wild type unless indicated otherwise in the figure: *** = p ≤ 0.001. Scale bar = 1 cm.</p