Determination of negative ion density with optical emission spectroscopy in oxygen afterglow plasmas

A diagnostic scheme for the measurement of the O^- density in afterglow plasmas is proposed and demonstrated. The present method is based on the fact that excited oxygen atoms (O^*) are produced by mutual neutralization between positive and negative ions (O^+O^-→O^*1+O). The absolute value of the emission coefficient ε_n due to O^*→O+hν is determined by visible emission spectroscopy with a calibrated detection system. The O^+ density n_O^+ is measured by a Langmuir probe combined with mass spectrometry. With the rate coefficient for the above reaction k_n , the O^- density can be evaluated as n_{O^-}=ε_n /(k_nn_{O^+}). In the present letter, the rate coefficient k_n has been determined experimentally from n_{O^-} measured by probe-assisted laser photodetachment.journal articl

Real-time Rendering of Subsurface Scattering according to Translucency magnitude

To synthesize realistic translucent materials in computer graphics, it is necessary to simulate the effect of subsurface scattering. In previous works, several methods are proposed for rendering such materials in real-time. The screen space subsurface scattering (SSSS) is developed by Jimenez et al. [2009], yet the speed of rendering is not very practical for low-end computational environment, because screen space techniques require huge number of texture samplings. We previously propose a curvature-based shading method [Kubo et al. 2010] which approximates the effect of subsurface scattering according to the curvature. Since the curvature is determined by the surface shape of neighbors, it is not able to compute the effect of scattering light from the behind of the object. In this paper, we propose a novel shading method depending on the translucency magnitude which represents the significance of the subsurface scattering effect. According to the translucency magnitude, we modulate the reflectance to imitate the effect of subsurface scattering. Since this modulation is very simple to compute, we are able to render translucent materials in real-time not only in high-end workstations but also low-end mobile devices.conference pape

A research in the meaning broadening of Japanese compound verbs ―Taking `-tsukeru' for an Example

This paper gives a systematic analysis of meaning broadening from the aspects of metaphorical extension, abstruction and desemanticization on the basis of the change theory of Meaning.Pragmatics. It focuses on a productive prefix of compound verbs “ーつける". The author of this paper collected 126 compound verbs with the prefix “ーつける" from Guang Ci Yuan(the 6th edition) and analyzed the process of meaning broadening of it. The results show that compound verbs with various meanings derive from basic verbs. With the constant change of people's cognitive knowledge, the basic meanings fade away and different meanings that seem irrelevant but actually close-related come into being.departmental bulletin pape

Improved measurement of CP-violation parameters sin⁡2ϕ1 and |λ|, B meson lifetimes, and B0-B̅0 mixing parameter Δmd

journal articl

Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkhausen

Wayah Bald on ridge of Appalachian Trail. Elevation 1348 m (4420 ft). Tree about 20 cm. dia. breast height, 8 m. tall and 30 years old (by stump ring count). Cut by trail crew to reroute trail around slide area. 8 Jun 2005. [flowering specimen

Clostridium cellulovorans および Clostridium beijerinckii の共培養系によるシュガービートパルプからの有用物質生産

application/pdfSugar beet pulp (SBP) is the residue of beet sugar processing and is a promising feedstock for bio-fuels and chemicals production. The aim of this study was to develop the co-culture system of two mesophilic Clostridia, Clostridium cellulovorans and Clostridium beijerinckii, which allows simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of SBP to useful chemicals. Clostridium cellulovorans degraded SBP without pre-treatment and addition of exogenous enzymes, but could not utilize the arabinose produced by the arabinan degradation and Clostridium beijerinckii fermented this arabinose to produce organic acids and alcohols. Approximately 4.270 g/L of butyric acid and 0.276 g/L of 1-butanol from 20 g/L of SBP were obtained. These results indicated that co-culture of these two clostridia strains provides a technically feasible and more simplified way for producing useful chemicals directly from SBP.本研究では，砂糖の製造工程における副生物であるシュガービートパルプ（SBP）からの有用物質生産を目指し，2種のClostridium 属中温細菌，すなわちセルロースおよびアラビナン，ペクチン等に対する優れた分解能を有するC. cellulovorans，およびアセトン，ブタノール，エタノール発酵細菌であるC. beijerinckii の共培養によりSBP の直接的発酵を行った。その結果，C. cellulovorans は，SBP のアラビナンを分解し，自らは資化できないアラビノースを生成し，これをC. beijerinckii が資化，増殖し，有機酸やアルコールを生産することが明らかになった。このことから，C. cellulovoransとC. beijerinckii は異なる特性，すなわち，バイオマス分解能力および発酵特性，糖利用性を持ち，互いに補完し合えることが示された。これらのことから，C. cellulovorans およびC. beijerinckii の共培養系が，SBP からの有用物質生産に有用であることが示された。departmental bulletin pape