Public spending in developing countries: trends, determination, and impact

The objective of this paper is to review trends in government expenditures in the developing world, to analyze the causes of change, and to develop an analytical framework for determining the differential impacts of various government expenditures on economic growth. Contrary to common belief, it is found that structural adjustment programs increased the size of government spending, but not all sectors received equal treatment. As a share of total government spending, expenditures on agriculture, education, and infrastructure in Africa; on agricultural and health in Asia; and on education and infrastructure in Latin America, all declined as a result of the structural adjustment programs. The impact of various types of government spending on economic growth is mixed. In Africa, government spending on agriculture and health was particularly strong in promoting economic growth. Asia's investments in agriculture, education, and defense had positive growth-promoting effects. However, all types of government spending except health were statistically insignificant in Latin America. Structural adjustment programs promoted growth in Asia and Latin America, but not in Africa. Growth in agricultural production is most crucial for poverty alleviation in rural areas. Agricultural spending, irrigation, education, and roads all contributed strongly to this growth. Disaggregating total agricultural expenditures into research and non-research spending reveals that research had a much larger impact on productivity than non-research spending.Poverty alleviation, Government spending policy, Structural adjustment (Economic policy),

Public expenditure, growth, and poverty reduction in rural Uganda

"Using district-level data for 1992, 1995, and 1999, the study estimated effects of different types of government expenditure on agricultural growth and rural poverty in Uganda. The results reveal that government spending on agricultural research and extension improved agricultural production substantially. This type of expenditure had the largest measured returns to growth in agricultural production. Agricultural research and extension spending also has the largest assessed impact on poverty reduction. Government spending on rural roads also had substantial marginal impact on rural poverty reduction. The impact of low-grade roads such as feeder roads is larger than that of high-grade roads such as murram and tarmac roads. Education's effects rank after agricultural research and extension, and roads. Government spending in health did not show a large impact on growth in agricultural productivity or a reduction in rural poverty, but in part because of difficulties in measuring some of the impacts of this type of investment. Additional investments in the northern region (a poor region) contribute the most to reducing poverty. The poverty-reduction effect of spending on infrastructure and education is particularly high in this region. However, it is the western region (a relatively well-developed region) where most types of investment have highest returns in terms of increased agricultural productivity." Authors' Abstract

Neither ivory towers nor corporate universities: Moving public universities beyond the "mode 2" logic

This article investigates the tensions in the "mode 2" thesis, which suggests the emergence of new, global trends in the production and dissemination of knowledge. I explain its influence in recent South African higher education policy debates and research practices by referring to competing readings of "mode 2", which have allowed it to feed simultaneously into both liberal and critical discourses on higher education transformation in South Africa. Clear tensions emerge from the limitations of "mode 2" in speaking to existing inequalities and in informing non-corporate models of institutional transformation

The politics of e-learning in South African higher education

Introduction: The appearance of information and communication technologies (ICTs) at the intersection of competing perspectives on higher education transformation in South Africa suggests that the increasing use of ICTs is not an automatic ‘good in itself’ but needs to be problematised. This paper first describes the new ICT-related practices emerging in South African higher education institutions, and then identifies and compares four broad approaches informing the relation of these new practices to higher education change. The first three approaches conceive of this relationship in terms of the role of ICTs in effecting specific changes in higher education institutions, while the fourth approaches the relation discursively. The final section describes access patterns in ‘dual-mode’ institutions, and asks whether the emerging trends are redefining the meanings of access to higher education. In thinking about how to re-imagine current elearning practices outside of the tight globalisation script, this paper supports a framework that both embraces the possibilities offered by online pedagogies, and problematises central aspects of the political economy and cultural politics of e-learning in higher education

Public investment and poverty reduction in Tanzania

"Using Tanzania as a test case, this study demonstrates how household survey data can be used to assess the impacts of public investments on growth and poverty. A two step procedure is used. First, household survey data are used to link household welfare measures to human capital and household access to infrastructure and technology, while controlling for other community and household characteristics. The second step links household human capital and access to infrastructure and technology to past public investments in these factors. As in the Asian studies, the growth effects (measured as per capita income) of investments in agricultural research, roads, and education are found to be large. But unlike Asia, no clear distinction emerges between the measured impacts for high and low potential areas. In many high potential areas, returns to investments are still high and there is no sign of any diminishing marginal returns. This suggests that there has been insufficient public investment in all kinds of regions. Nevertheless, the results show that there is opportunity to improve on the growth and poverty impacts of total public investment through better regional targeting of specific types of investment. For example, additional investments in rural education have attractive growth and poverty impacts in all regions, whereas additional investments in roads and agricultural research are better spent in the central and southern regions of the country." Authors' AbstractHuman capital ,Agricultural research Africa ,Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance ,Infrastructures ,Welfare and Poverty ,

Student perspective on online learning during covid-19 pandemic: a descriptive study of school students in Ernakulam District, State of Kerala, India

The closure of educational activities in the mid-march 2020 in India as well in Kerala due to the ongoing covid-19 pandemic resulted in unplanned shift from traditional class rooms to a set-up that exclusively involves digital teaching and learning. Within this context the present study aims to explore the perspective of school children regarding the effectiveness of learning online as well the difficulties or hurdles faced in remolding themselves to meet the requirement of the pedagogy

A redescription of Tenagomysis species and Gastrosaccus australis from estuarine environments (Crustacea: Mysida) in Auckland region, New Zealand

Investigation of mysid habitats in estuarine waters were conducted at 59 sites throughout Auckland region from May 2006 to January 2009. This paper provides the taxonomic descriptions of the three species, collected during this survey. Among the 59 sites mysids were collected only at 26 sites: Tenagomysis chiltoni collected from 15 sites, T. novaezealandiae from 21 sites and Gastrosaccus australis from four sites. Ontogenetic variation observed in the size of the antennal scale, and counts of lateral spines and cleft spines of telson and uropod for both T. chiltoni and T. novaezealandiae. Such apparent characteristics should not be used alone to differentiate species. It is important to use a combination of characteristics such as shape of the rostrum, anterolateral margin of the carapace, number of articulations of carpo-propodus of thoracic limbs and shape and size of the antennal scale. Several aspects of the description of T. chiltoni provided by Tattersall (1923) and Hodge (1964), do not agree with the present specimens, this is due to size variations

Design of controllers for a Non-linear system using Pole-placement and Linear Quadratic Regulator Technique to solve Servo and Regulatory problem

This project mainly discusses about the design of controller for a nonlinear system like rotary inverted pendulum. This system is under actuated and well-suited for verification and practice of ideas emerging in control theory. Nonlinear systems exhibit instability, making the design of controllers for balancing in the stable position, a challenging problem. The dynamic model of the rotary inverted pendulum is identified first and the state space representation of the system is obtained. The controller is designed by using the pole placement technique and Linear Quadratic Regulator technique in MATLAB software package. The regulatory problem and the servo problem of rotary inverted pendulum system is solved with these controllers designed. The different controller design is implemented in simulation and their performances are compared. Simulation results onto a nonlinear system are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the developed strategies.nbs

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