The Forked Tongue of Language Reform: Cross-reading the dynamics of the making of early modern English and nineteenth-century Hindustani

This thesis cross-reads the dynamics of language standardisation in early modern England and colonial India by interrogating the rhetoric of reform in the two periods within a comparative framework. Specifically, it maps the presence of English early modernity in the works of British reformers of Hindustani/Hindi in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century India, and revisits congruent themes in the language of reform in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England, to foreground the ways in which the rhetoric of standardisation stages and manages anxieties of national/imperial self-fashioning at two distinct yet connected moments. To frame the comparative idiom of the British Empire, I track multivalent engagements with 'Rome' in early modern England and British India, which seek to fashion imperial character in negotiation with salutary or cautionary imperial models: Britain's Roman past; early English colonial reconnaissance; ideals of political conduct; and British political behaviour in the colony and the metropole. I then map the affinities projected between English and Hindustani in John Gilchrist's first Hindustani grammars in late eighteenth-century India, and annotate them with the contexts for William Bullokar's first grammar of English in late sixteenth-century England. Reading them as promotional works, I note the way they valorise the vernaculars hitherto neglected by traditional paradigms and involve them in fledgling visions of a progressive British Empire and a cosmopolitan English nation. Comparing the dilemmas shared by lexicographers in the two periods as they aim to make new words available to their respective target readerships and to moderate the lexical influx from inter-cultural traffic, I then trace the attitude of selective cosmopolitanism that assuages anxieties of infiltration by 'others' of foreign origin, class, or gender. Finally, I attend to the invention of literary tradition by exploring the analogies with early modern English literary culture that contour George Grierson's literary history for modern Hindi. Comparing the shapes of the tussle between literary prescriptions and practice in colonial India and early modern England, I read Hariaudh's modern Hindi epic Priyapravas and Samuel Daniel's Defense of Ryme as symmetrical assertions of poetic as well as nationalist autonomy. My thesis approaches early modern language standardisation as a cultural problematic, and treats its discourse as an occasion for self-fashioning with respect to significant others as well as a repository of effects beyond its own moment. Motivated by a reflection on the divisive aspects of contemporary public discourse that recruit history selectively to assert insular identities for languages and its communities, it underscores that the modern standard identities of Hindi and English took inaugural shape in a comparative, chaotic, and contingent nexus of texts and events. Examining the rhetoric from early modern England and colonial India in the mirror of one another throws into relief that (a) the past had variable uses and involuntary echoes in the invention narratives of linguistic modernity; and (b) stories of standard and national modernity themselves had a transnational provenance as they were articulated through calibrated comparisons that served practical as well as political functions

Predictors of poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients in South Indian population

Background: The aim of this study is to shed light on the patients ‘knowledge, expectations and attitudes with regards to glucose control, and to understand the barriers to achieving good glucose control among south Indian patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 76 type 2 diabetic patients in this study. Patients’ information such as sociodemographic characteristics, family history of diabetes, diabetes duration, medication adherence, dietary pattern, physical activity was obtained through interview. Anthropometric details were noted during the interview. All available last readings for fasting blood sugar, post prandial blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin were abstracted from patients’ records.Results: A total of 76 patients were enrolled in the study. The overall mean (SD) duration of the disease was 9±7.02 years. 63% had HbA1c ≥7%, which is categorized as a poor glycemic control. 43% of the subjects had poor glucose control who did not follow healthy eating plans. 84% of the patients did participate in physical exercise but did not follow as recommended. 67% of the patients have poor knowledge about glucose control.Conclusions: The main results indicate that glycemic control in type 2 diabetes is generally poor. Longer duration of diabetes and not adherent to diabetes self-care management behaviors were associated with poor glycemic control. Therefore, a balanced approach to improve awareness about diabetes and its control both among patients and the medical fraternity is urgent need of the hour in India

PERAN PANGERAN PASAREAN 1495-1546 M DALAM MEMPERKUAT HUBUNGAN KERAJAAN CIREBON-DEMAK

ABSTRAK Diviya Almuna. Nim. 1708301049. Peran Pangeran Pasarean 1495-1546 M Dalam Memperkuat Hubungan Kerajaan Cirebon-Demak. Skripsi. Cirebon: Fakultas Ushuluddin Adab dan Dakwah, Jurusan Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi dari tokoh yang menjadi putra mahkota Kerajaan Cirebon yakni anak dari Syarif Hidayatullah yang bernama Pangeran Pasarean. Ia mempercayakan Pangeran Pasarean pada tahun 1528 Masehi mewakili pemerintahan Kerajaan Cirebon. Dalam memperkuat hubungan antara Kerajaan Cirebon dengan Kerajaan Demak tidak begitu banyak orang yang mengetahui, karena masa hidupnya yang begitu singkat dan banyak cerita yang menggabungkan dengan Syarif Hidayatullah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui latar belakang hubungan Kerajaan Cirebon-Demak, biografi Pangeran Pasarean, dan memaparkan peran Pangeran Pasarean 1495-1546 Masehi dalam memperkuat hubungan Kerajaan Cirebon-Demak pada tahun. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang menggunakan metode historis yang meliputi tahapan heuristik, verifikasi, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Sedangkan untuk teorinya, penulis menggunakan teori peran oleh Biddle dan Thomas serta teori konflik yang disampaikan oleh Fisher. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwasannya latar belakang hubungan Cirebon-Demak ini terjadi pada saat berkembangnya ajaran Agama Islam di Cirebon dengan Demak, dibangun oleh Sunan Gunung Jati untuk memperkuat kekuatan Kerajaan yang baru dibangunnya sehingga terjalin hubungan persahabatan antar kekuatan Islam. Peran Pangeran Pasarean dalam memperkuat hubungan dua Kerajaan tersebut melalui Pernikahan sebagai perekat hubungan diplomatik dua kerajaan, menjadi pemimpin pasukan gabungan dalam penaklukan Rajagaluh, dan menjadi sekutu Sunan Prawoto dalam konflik internal Kerajaan Demak. Kata Kunci : Peran, Konflik, Kerajaan, Cirebon-Dema

Degree of an edge and Platt Number in signed networks

Positive labelled edges play a vital role in network analysis.The degree of edges in signed graphs is introduced by giving importance topositive edges incident on the end vertices of that edge. The conceptof Platt number of a graph, which is the sum of degrees of its edges, isextended to signed graphs based on the degree defined. Bounds of degree of an edge and Platt number in certain classes of signed graphsare determined. Some characterizations on Platt number of signedgraphs are also established. A model to analyse social networks using degree of edges and Platt number is also proposed.Keywords: Signed graph, positive edges, negative edges, networks,information diffusion, degree of an edge, Platt numbe

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM LANNEA COROMANDELICA – AN INSILICO APROACH

Objective: The objective of this research was to isolate endophytic fungi from Lannea coromandelica having antifungal activity potential and to isolate the secondary metabolite from the dominant fungi and predict the probable mechanism behind its activity.Methods: The endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves of Lannea coromandelica by surface sterilization method. Then fungal biomass was extracted for intracellular metabolites by using ethyl acetate as solvent. The crude extract was filtered, and the filtrate was dried under vacuum at 40 °C. The filtrate was analysed for antifungal activity. The fungi which showed the maximum activity was identified and the metabolite present in the ethyl acetate extract was characterized and identified by GC-MS (Gas-Chromatography Mass-spectrophotometry) analysis. Further, these compounds were docked against the target protein Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase to unravel and predict the probable mechanism behind the antifungal activity of secondary metabolite.Results: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were isolated and identified based on their morphological features as endophytic fungi. Among the four dominant fungi, the antifungal activity of Aspergillus flavus showed the maximum activity with an inhibitory zone of 26.22 mm against Candida albicans and 16.72 mm against Malassezia pachydermis. Further, the secondary metabolite was identified by GC-MS (Gas-Chromatography Mass-spectrophotometry) () analysis and found to be Kojic Acid, Octadecanoic acid, n-Hexadecanoic Acid, diethyl Phthlate, 3-Phenyl Propionic Acid. These compounds were docked with the target protein and were able to bind at an active site similar to that of Flucanozole a known inhibitor.Conclusion: The finding of this work clearly indicates that the metabolite produced by the endophytic fungus could be used as an alternative source of antifungal agents against clinical pathogens.Keywords: Endophytic fungi, Secondary metabolite, Antifungal activit

Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja pada Jurnalis di Era Pandemi COVID-19

Sejak awal tahun 2020, seluruh dunia diresahkan dengan munculnya sebuah virus baru yakni Coronavirus Disease 2019 atau yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan COVID-19. Munculnya virus ini membawa perubahan yang sangat signifikan terhadap kehidupan masyarakat, terutama dalam hal ekonomi. Himbauan untuk menjaga jarak dan berada di rumah membuat segala aktivitas di luar rumah terhenti sesaat. Perekonomian ikut terhambat seiring dengan ditutupnya berbagai tempat umum, perkantoran, sekolah, dan berbagai tempat di mana aktivitas ekonomi terjadi. Akibatnya, beberapa perusahaan melakukan pemutusan hubungan kerja (PHK) terhadap sejumlah karyawannya. Salah satu perusahaan yang ikut serta melakukan PHK terhadap karyawannya adalah perusahaan media. Beberapa media di Indonesia melakukan PHK secara sepihak terhadap sejumlah jurnalis untuk mengurangi biaya operasional. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pemutusan hubungan kerja yang terjadi pada jurnalis di era COVID-19. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mencari tahu bagaimana peranan Lembaga Bantuan Hukum (LBH) Pers dan Aliansi Jurnalis Independen (AJI) Jakarta dalam menyoroti permasalahan ini. Penulis melakukan penelitian ini pada tiga orang jurnalis yang terkena dampak dari pandemi COVID-19 berupa PHK oleh masing-masing media tempatnya bekerja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa banyak perusahaan media di Indonesia yang melakukan PHK pada sejumlah jurnalis di era COVID-19. Namun, hanya sedikit jurnalis yang mau melakukan pengaduan dan memproses PHK secara sepihak tersebut ke jalur hukum. Padahal, terdapat upaya-upaya yang bisa dilakukan para jurnalis apabila terkena kasus ketenagakerjaan seperti PHK. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan, jurnalis dalam penelitian ini memutuskan untuk beralih profesi setelah terkena PHK

Influence of invections of mild isolates of different grapevine viruses on berry colour, texture, flavour and storage life of 'Crimson seedless' table grapes

‘Crimson Seedless’ grape is an economically important cultivar of table grapes with superior eating characteristics due to firmer berries, colour and good flavour. The aim of this research project was to investigate the influence of infection of mild isolates of grapevine leafroll associated viruses (GLRaV) 3, 5, 9 and grapevine virus A (GVA) on berry colour, texture, SSC, TA and SSC: acid ratio in ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes during maturation, ripening and cold storage life and quality. The infection of GLRaV and GVA viruses in clone 3215 (LRV3 (E) + LRV3 (RT-PCR) + GVA + LRV9 + LRV5), clone 3236 + 3215 (LRV3 (E) + GVA + LRV9 + LRV5) reduced berry colour, SSC, SSC: acid ratio; improved berry springiness and gumminess without influencing acidity during maturation and ripening in comparison to virus free control. During cold storage, berries from viral infected clones 3236 + 3215 and 3215 showed improvement in berry colour and SSC and retained good quality until 140 days of storage but, there was no effect on acidity.Berry hardness, gumminess, springiness and cohesiveness were also higher in viral infected clone 3236 + 3215 and clone 3215 than virus free control during cold storage. In sensory evaluation, virus infected clones 3236 + 3215 and 3215 obtained higher scores for berry crispiness, flavour and overall acceptability during cold storage when compared to the virus free controls. In conclusion, the infection of mild isolates of GLRaV and GVA viruses reduced berry colour and SSC but, improved berry textural properties in clones 3236 + 3215 and 3215 of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes during maturation and ripening. The quality parameters such as berry colour, textural properties, SSC, TA and sensory scores also remained acceptable for these clones till 140 days cold storage at 0 ± 0.5oC

PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI TEPAT GUNA PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH KELAPA MUDA SEBAGAI MEDIA PUPUK ORGANIK KELAPA SAWIT DI KABUPATEN BANGKA

Penerapan teknologi tepat guna pengolahan limbah kelapa muda sebagai media pupuk organik kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Bangka, merupakan kegiatan pengabdian dosen dan mahasiswa dengan melibatkan mitra, yaitu masyarakat yang peduli akan lingkungan dan aktif dalam pengembangan dan budidaya kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Bangka. Permasalahan yang dihadapi mitra adalah sulitnya mendapatkan pupuk yang disebabkan karena mahalnya harga pupuk anorganik dipasaran dan berdampak pada pengurangan hasil panen buah sawit. Selain itu, limbah kelapa muda jumlahnya sangat besar, apalagi dikala bulan puasa. Ini menjadi masalah tersendiri karena berpotensi menyebabkan terjadinya pencemaran lingkungan dan menjadi sarang penyakit. Limbah kelamud ternyata bisa digunakan menjadi bahan baku pembuatan pupuk organik bagi tanaman kelapa sawit. Saat ini proses pengolahan limbah kelamut masih dilakukan dengan cara manual menggunakan parang. Untuk dapat memecahkan masalah Mitra tersebut, maka kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini dilaksanakan berupa pemberian bantuan penerapan TTG dalam pengolahan limbah kelamud serta pemberian pelatihan berupa cara pengoperasian dan perawatan mesin pengolah limbah kelamud dalam bentuk ceramah, diskusi, praktek dan introduksi mesin pencacah limbah kelamud untuk dijadikan bahan baku pupuk organik. Pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini nantinya diharapkan mitra mampu membuat pupuk organik dengan memanfaatkan limbah kelamud dan juga dapat mengurangi limbah kelamud yang tidak bermanfaat yang dapat menimbulkan berbagai penyakit. Hasil dari kegiatan ini mampu membantu IKM mengatasi persoalan pengolahan limbah kelamud menjadi lebih cepat dan efektif dengan kapasitasnya 201,04 Kg/jam sehingga mempercepat Proses pembuatan pupuk organik bagi tanaman kelapa sawit