Simulation, fabrication and characterization of PMOS transistor device

In a low supply voltage CMOS technology, it is desirable to scale threshold voltage and gate length for improving circuit performance. Therefore, a project has been carried out inside KUiTTHO's microelectronic cleanroom to produce a method that has better l ow power/low voltage current concentrate on p-channel (PMOS). An experiment was also done to determine the right parameter value to b e used for fabrication process such as oxidation process thickness rate, sheet resistance and metal thickness. From the parameter value obtained, 0.3 m m and 0.5 mm PMOS transistor had been successfully produced. Fabrication simulation was performed to produce a 0.1 |am and 0.3p.m PMOS transistor by using the ISE-TCAD software. The trade off between threshold voltage (VTH), gate length (LG) and thin oxide thickness (tox) are discussed to determine the characteristics of the transistors. It shows that for 0.3mm (toX = 860A) PMOS transistor the value of VT H =-3.33V and 0.5 mm ( t ^ = 910A), VT H value =-4.3V. From the simulation result show for 0.1 jim (to* = 200A), VT H = - 0 . 3 1 4V and for 0 . 5 | im (400A) Vt h = -0.634V. The result shows that, with decreasing gate length and oxide thickness will produce lower value of threshold voltage. Minimum value of threshold voltage can result in a better performance of transistor. Another parameter must be taken into consideration such as leakage current, resistivity and conductivity to get a better design of PMOS transistor in future research

Ongoing IS radical ideology in Malaysia: factors and counter strategies

Malaysia has long been recognized for its ability to manage threats from Islamic radical movements by overcoming significant obstacles and major challenges to national security. Although many movements have been banned and appropriate actions taken, Islamic radicalism nevertheless persists and appears on the rise. This study identifies factors associated with its persistence despite years of efforts to hinder or eradicate Islamic radicalism. Using qualitative historical sociology, the author used several resources for this analysis, including interviews and literature. Findings reveal four major factors that allow Salafi Jihadi ideology to prosper: a false reading of jihad, personal inclinations, political pressure, and globalization. Government actions countering this threat include declaring Malaysia an Islamic state; deradicalization and rehabilitation programs; national think tanks, prohibiting fatwas; introducing the concept of wasatiyyah; and implementation of counter narratives. Although the ideology cannot be completely eradicated, actions taken have managed to contain the contagion and also prevent major threats to national security

In vitro bioactivities of anodised titanium in mixtrue of B-Glycerophosphate and calcium acetate for biomedical application

Anodic oxidation has been widely used to modify the surface properties of titanium in order to improve the biocompatibility after implantation. In this study, high purity titanium foils were exposed in a mixture of β-glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (β-GP) and calcium acetate monohydrate (CA). The parameters for anodic oxidation method such as applied voltage (50-350 V), current density(10-70 mA.cm-2), electrolyte concentration (0.02 M β-GP + 0.2 M CA, 0.04 M β-GP + 0.04 M CA) , anodising time (5-10 mins), agitation speed (300-1500 rpm), ultrasonic amplitude (20-60 μm) and bath temperature (4-100 °C) were varied to investigate the impact on the surface properties of titanium. The results showed that surface of the titanium foil appeared to be highly porous and demonstrated high crystallinity as well as high hydrophilic properties especially when the parameters of anodic oxidation have been varied. This study also proposes two novel methods particularly to accelerate the bone-like apatite formation on the anodised titanium in a shorted time: (1) UV irradiation during in vitro testing and (2) adding additives in electrolyte. After soaked and irradiated with UV in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 days, highly crystallised bone-like apatite was fully covered on the anodised surface. Interestingly, the smooth and partially porous surface of the anodised titanium was observed to be fully covered by the bone-like apatite layer, which contradict previous research results. The mechanism for growth of bone-like apatite was developed and involved several stages from the existence of hydroxyl groups (•OH) under the UV irradiation has been disclosed thoroughly. Further, additives such as sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were added into the electrolyte were also able to accelerate the formation of bone-like apatite because of the presence of (•OH), tricalcium phosphate (Ca3O8P2), calcium diphosphate (Ca2O7P2), calcium titanate (CaTiO3) or sodium titanate (Na2Ti3O7) on the anodised surface, which able to induce the nucleation site of bone-like apatite

Penggunaan Garam-Garam Kalium sebagai Agen Pengaktifan Kimia bagi Penyediaan Karbon Teraktif daripada Serepai Batang Kelapa Sawit

Activated carbon was prepared from the chips of oil palm trunk by destructive distillation under vacuum, using potassium salts at various concentrations, as the chemical activation agent. The chemical and physical properties of the resulting activated carbon showed that the type and the percentage of potassium salts play an important role which determines the properties of the resulting activated carbon

Sorotan literatur perbandingan Gagasan Sastera Islami Sayyid Sayyid `Abd al-Raziq dan Mohd Affandi Hassan

Difference of views in understanding the idea of Islamic literature and criticism involves two different cultures often occur in the field of comparative literature world. Yet despite the differences and inequalities, still no agreement reached involving key issues in the discussion of the concept of Islamic literature. Thus, this paper aims to highlight the previous studies related to the ideas, theories and principles of Islamic literature, the examples of comparative literature study and leaders thought. Analysis of the literature is conducted to find justification for the study and comparison of ideas on the need of dismantling the Islamic literature involving two selected leaders, Sayyid Sayyid `Abd al-Raziq and Mohd Affandi Hassan. This is a qualitative study based on applied content analysis method. This literature review finds that the application of this comparative study is able to find the special formula in identifying similarities and differences in the concept of Islamic literature and criticism involving the two leaders while providing enlightenment to the players in this field

Kajian kekonduksian terhadap karbon teraktif daripada kayu bakau (Rhizophora apiculata)

Karbon teraktif yang disediakan daripada kayu bakau (Rhizophora apiculata) menunjukkan sifat kekonduksian seperti semikonduktor. Kekonduksiannya bertambah secara eksponen dengan suhu. Terdapat dua mekanisme pengaliran cas yang dikenal pasti iaitu pada suhu rendah dan pada suhu tinggi. Pertambahan yang jelas pada nilai kekonduksian terutamanya pada suhu yang lebih tinggi berlaku apabila karbon teraktif didopkan dengan gula ringkas. Kekonduksian juga didapati bertambah dengan kepekatan gula

Identifying the psychosocial aspects of crowd during pilgrimage: the experiences of a group of Pakistani female hajj pilgrims

Hajj is a series of activities which involve the presence of many people of diverse backgrounds in specific sites. It is an annual event which necessitates Muslims from all over the world to travel to Makkah during the Hajj season. The participation in hajj involves a number of remarkable experiences by the pilgrims who encounter various new incidents that involve their physical, psychosocial and social experiences. Despite the widely reported accounts of hajj, less has been conducted to study the experience of people who travel from different parts of the world to Makkah. The objective of this paper is to report the findings from a focus group discussion which examined the experiences of hajj among Pakistani female pilgrims. Data was collected from 11 respondents from Lahore, Pakistan. They were required to state their confrontations in hajj sites; and the reasons for having such experiences. They reported both positive and negative feelings during hajj; highlighted their and others’ pattern of behaviours when performing hajj including commendable and hazardous actions that they observed among pilgrims and hajj service providers. They also reported their concerns over crowd management issues, and the pilgrims’ lack of mental preparation to be with others of different cultural backgrounds. The findings serve as a basis for the development of interventions to help hajj managers, policy makers, and future hajj pilgrims to understand the psychological states and sociological conditions during hajj

Empowering waqf financing sustainability through capital market in Malaysia: a review

Though the Waqf (Islamic endowment) has been operative for countless years as a superlative instrument that upholds societal welfare, most of the developed and developing countries are yet to entirely utilize Waqf for the capital market investment. This paper aims to review and explore the Waqf financing feasibility through capital market integration from the Malaysian context. Financing tools primarily designed for Waqf assets development are rigorously explored to secure sustainability of Waqf institutions. While embracing the theory of sustainability entailing chief aspects of economics, social and environment as a guiding principle, the study proposes a viable integration of Waqf and capital market instrument of unit trust investments based on the Shariah-compliant. The finding illustrates that there is an essential need for a novel apparatus through the capital market such Waqf unit trust to realize grander Waqf funds accumulation, investment, and distribution. It is exceedingly encouraged that produced proceeds from the investment are optimally utilized for socio-economic projects. This study realizes as one of the pioneer endeavors to group Waqf fund via uni

Poverty Alleviation Policies in Malaysia and Nigeria: A review

Poverty in Malaysia and Nigeria as well as most developing countries are alarmingly visible. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in recent years of Malaysia and Nigeria has not reflected in the poverty alleviation efforts from the governments of both countries. The need to review the past policies on poverty alleviation in these developing nations prompted this paper. Using secondary data sources, the poverty alleviation policy in Malaysia has made significant progress, while Nigeria is still struggling. Interestingly, after decades of poverty alleviation policies, Malaysia has been moving forward steadily although there are identifiable challenges to overcome while in Nigeria, the policies seems to have no progress due to lack of political will. Keywords: Poverty Alleviation; Policy; Developing Countries eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i16.269

Development and evaluation of an automotive air-conditioning test rig

To evaluate an air-conditioning system performance on board of a car is quite cumbersome and tedious process due to the limitation of space in the engine compartment. This paper presents the process of designing and the result from the automotive refrigeration system simulation that have been integrated into the test rig. To perform the test on automotive refrigeration simulator the location for the temperature measurement selected and thermocouples were installed. The locations of the temperature probes are at the inlet and outlet of compressor, condenser outlet and the inlet of the evaporator. The gas pressure was measured at low and high pressure sides located at evaporator outlet and receiver-drier respectively. The test results were analyzed using the properties table of the refrigerant used. The coefficient of performance (COP), cooling load of the system and compressor power consumption were determined. The variable parameters used are the evaporator blower speed and the air velocity passes through the condenser. The experimental results obtained show that increasing the blower speed will reduce the COP of the refrigeration system. The maximum COP of the system is 4.3 at the lowest evaporator blower speed. The power consumption will be reduced when the air flow velocity through the condenser is varied from 0 to 70 km/hr respectively