All Rise for Civil Justice

Equal justice under law is an American ideal. But every year, millions of people lose their cases in civil courts, not because they have done something wrong, but because they do not have the information or legal help they need to make their case. The United States civil justice system must be reformed so that it works for everyone, not just for the wealthy and the represented. For guidance, advocates of civil justice reform should look to the movement for criminal justice reform, which has successfully raised awareness and galvanized coalitions to effect policy change. I eagerly await the case study that analyzes the emergence, key components, and pivotal moments of that movement

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Moral objectives in W.R. Sorley, W.D. Ross, A.C. Ewing, and A.C. Garnett

Thesis (Ph.D)--Boston UniversityIt is the aim of this dissertation to examine the systems of thought of four recent and contemporary objects in moral theory, W. R. Sorley, W. D. Ross, A. C. Ewing, and A. C. Garnett, with a view to evaluating the case which they make for moral objectivism. Sorley, beginning with a study of judgements of approval and disapproval, argued that such judgments claim objective validity, and, when analyzed, reveal a pattern of basic principles of moral worth. These principles are universally valid, and constitute a system of moral laws. The primary contributions of Sorley's system are to be seen in his use of coherence; in his insistence upon the significance of the person in relation to value; and in his concept of moral laws. The primary weaknesses are to be seen in his failure to distinguish adequately between value and obligation and in his appeal to intuition at crucial points in his theory. [TRUNCATED

Decentralized Administrative Law in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

The article examines administrative law practices at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and is being published as part of an issue of Law & Contemporary Problems on global administrative law. While the OECD is neither a well-known nor well-studied international organization (I worked there from 1990-1992), a number of its activities influence domestic agency action far more than is generally realized. It also provides a wonderful example for the study of global administrative law for the simple reason that it is a hybrid organization. Through its many diverse activities, OECD shares aspects of primarily law-making international bodies such as the EU, primarily standard-setting bodies such as the World Health Organization, and primarily data gathering and research organizations such as the UN Conference on Trade and Development. Perhaps surprisingly, there is no uniform administrative law in the OECD. In managing this constellation of activities, the OECD has chosen largely to decentralize its administrative law down to its subject-specific directorates who develop administrative procedures on an ad hoc basis. Thus in studying administrative law at the OECD, one is effectively studying multiple administrative law systems under one roof. Because the OECD does not garner much attention from scholars or the public, The article commences with a description of the OECD\u27s origins, operations, and examples of its range of activities. Four case studies then examine the OECD\u27s multiple roles and how these bear on the development of the organization\u27s administrative law. The cases range from traditional treaty-making, to consensus development of standards, to quasi-judicial review of the actions of multinational enterprises. Each of these examples relies on different types of administrative mechanisms to address the core concerns of transparency, responsiveness and accountability. The final section explores whether administrative law safeguards should apply to OECD activities that, while not lawmaking themselves, exert important influence on domestic lawmaking and underscores why the OECD has adopted a decentralized model of administrative law

Student Visual Narratives Giving Voice to Positive Learning Experiences – A contribution to educational reform

The aim of this paper is to explore students’ positive experiences of their learning through the use of visual narratives, observation, and field notes in two secondary school classes in Sweden. Four themes were found: (1) knowing the needs of mind and body, (2) embracing each other in mutual support, (3) learning in a facilitating environment, and (4) using a variety of learning modalities. Students wished to have a voice in setting the curriculum, favored a variety of assignments, and sought to expand their learning environment beyond the classroom. Finally, challenges for teachers and school leaders are discussed

Socialbidragstagandets mönster - en studie av varaktighet och utträden under 2000-talet

Long term take-up of means-tested social assistance benefits increased rapidly in Sweden during the economic downturn of the 1990s and is at present established at levels well beyond those we saw before the crisis. In previous analyses of long term social assistance recipients the group has been defined as those with at least ten months of take-up in a calender year. However, this definition lacks the precision we need for a close scrutinsation of patterns of take-up durations and for analyses of transitions from take-up to self-maintenance. As from year 2002 official statistical records of social assist¬ance payments contain information for each month at the individual level. In the article we analyse these data linked to Statistics Sweden’s LISA-database containing information of e.g. education, labour market attachment, and income for the total adult population. The article is primarily descriptive in character and aims at reflecting the patterns of social assis¬tance take-up during the first years of the new century more precisely than what has been possible in previous analyses. The analyses show that how we define both measurements and popu¬la¬tion at risk is of uttermost importance for what results may be obtained. Depending on these definitions median duration of take-up varies between 2 and 19 months. When we look at what type of income maintenance that is established the year after the termination of a take-up spell we find that the shorter the take-up period the more likely it is that the former reci¬pient will have gained at least some foothold in the labour market. However, the probability that he or she will be a student, begin at new period of social assistance take-up, or have an un¬konwn income source, increases by take-up duration. Furthemore, the analyses show that the probability to leave long-term take-up in the 2000s is lower as compared to the beginning of the 1990s.social assistance; benefits

PENGARUH MEDIA SOSIAL DAN SUASANA TOKO TERHADAP PROSES KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN (Survey Pada Pengunjung Eatboss Cafe Cabang Lengkong)

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Media Sosial dan Suasana Toko terhadap Proses Keputusan Pembelian pada Eatboss Cafe Cabang Lengkong. Eatboss Cafe Cabang Lengkong merupakan sebuah cafe yang menjual berbagai produk makanan dan minuman. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif verifikatif. Objek penelitian adalah konsumen Eatboss Cafe Cabang Lengkong dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 100 responden. Analisis data yang digunakan yaitu menggunakan analisis korelasi berganda, dan koefisien determinasi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis pengaruh media sosial dan suasana toko terhadap proses keputusan pembelian secara simultan adalah sebesar 121,580. Sedangkan secara parsial suasana toko lebih besar pengaruhnya daripada media sosial, karena berdasarkan perhitungan standardized coefficients beta memiliki nilai tertinggi yaitu sebesar 0,474 dibandingkan media sosial

US Medical Specialty Global Health Training and the Global Burden of Disease

Background: Rapid growth in global health activity among US medical specialty education programs has lead to heterogeneity in types of activities and global health training models. The breadth and scope of this activity is not well chronicled. Methods: Using a standardized search protocol, we examined the characteristics of US medical residency global health programs by number of programs, clinical specialty, nature of activity (elective, research, extended curriculum based field training), and geographic location across seven different clinical medical residency education specialties. We tabulated programmatic activity by clinical discipline, region and country. We calculated the Spearman\u27s rank correlation coefficient to estimate the association between programmatic activity and country–level disease burden. Results: Of the 1856 programs assessed between January and June 2011, there were 380 global health residency training programs (20%) working in 141 countries. 529 individual programmatic activities (elective–based rotations, research programs, extended curriculum– based field training, or other) occurred at 1337 specific sites. The majority of the activities consisted of elective–based rotations. At the country level, disease burden had a statistically significant association with programmatic activity (Spearman\u27s ρ = 0.17) but only explained 3% of the total variation between countries. Conclusions: There were a substantial number of US medical specialty global health programs, but a relative paucity of surgical and mental health programs. Elective–based programs were more common than programs that offer longitudinal experiences. Despite heterogeneity, there was a small but statistically significant association between program location and the global burden of disease. Areas for further study include the degree to which US–based programs develop partnerships with their program sites, the significance of this activity for training, and number and breadth of programs in medical specialty global health education in other countries around the world

Extensive Internet Involvement—Addiction or Emerging Lifestyle?

In the discussions for the future DSM-5, the Substance-Related Disorders Work Group has been addressing “addiction-like” behavioral disorders such as “Internet addiction” to possibly be considered as potential additions for the diagnostic system. Most research aiming to specify and define the concept of Internet addiction (or: Excessive/Compulsive/Problematic Internet Use—PIU), takes its point of departure in conventional terminology for addiction, based in established DSM indicators. Still, it is obvious that the divide between characteristics of addiction and dimensions of new lifestyles built on technological progress is problematic and far from unambiguous. Some of these research areas are developing from the neurobiological doctrine of addiction as not being tied to specific substances. The concept of “behavioral addictions”, based on biological mechanisms such as the reward systems of the brain, has been launched. The problems connected to this development are in this study discussed and reflected with data from a Swedish survey on Internet use (n = 1,147). Most Swedes (85%) do use the Internet to some degree. The prevalence of excessive use parallels other similar countries. Respondents in our study spend (mean value) 9.8 hours per week online at home, only 5 percent spend more than 30 hours per week. There are both positive and negative social effects at hand. Many respondents have more social contacts due to the use of Internet, but there is a decline in face-to-face contacts. About 40% of the respondents indicate some experience of at least one problem related to Internet use, but only 1.8% marked the presence of all problems addressed. Most significant predictors for problem indicators, except for age, relate to “time” and time consuming activities such as gaming, other activities online or computer skills

How travel mode influences one's perception of the built environment: testing a neighborhood audit

Neighborhood audits have emerged as an integral tool for gathering objective, street level data on the built environment. However, in order to trust and make use of their results, researchers must understand which factors influence audit results. In this study, researchers investigated for the first time the influence which auditors' travel mode has on audit results. Though most neighborhood audits are conducted by foot, a number of audits have chosen to use "windshield surveys" instead. This study was designed to determine if audit results vary according to auditors' travel mode and if they do, which environmental features are perceived differently. To answer these questions, the PIN III Neighborhood Audit tool was used to re-evaluate 79 audit segments on foot which had been previously rated a year before by car. All re-evaluated audit segments were designated as "urban" and located with Durham or Orange County, NC. A pair of trained auditors conducted this test, with one of the two auditors participating in both audit sessions. Audit results from these two sessions were then compared, and percent agreement and kappa scores were generated in order to determine where significant differences occurred. The results of this analysis showed that while most environmental features included in this audit were not perceived differently, the audit results of 11 questions showed significant signs of changing due to travel mode. Alternative explanations for observed variations in audit results, such as the year long time delay between audit sessions, were tested and ruled out as likely factors. Though the degree to which travel mode influences audit results will naturally vary depending on the nature of the neighborhood audit, this study's findings demonstrate that travel mode is an important factor that must be taken into account during future study design and data analysis.Master of City and Regional Plannin