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    A Clinical Analysis of the Treatment of Infected Non-union in the Fractures of Long Bones

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[์˜๋ฌธ] [ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์žฅ๊ด€๊ณจ ๊ณจ์ ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์œ ํ•ฉ์€ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์น˜์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ณจ์œ ํ•ฉ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. 1979๋…„ 7์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1988๋…„ 7์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ •ํ˜•์™ธ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์‹ค์—์„œ 6๊ฐœ์›”์ด์ƒ 6 ๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถ”๊ตฌ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ 21์„ธ์ด์ƒ ํ™˜์ž 35๋ก€์˜ ์žฅ๊ด€๊ณจ ๊ณจ์ ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์œ ํ•ฉ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ ๊ณผ ์œ ํ•ฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. 35๋ก€์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์œ ํ•ฉ ์ค‘ 22๋ก€(62.9 %)๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์†์ƒ์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ๊ณจ์ ˆ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , 13๋ก€ (37 .1 %)๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ›„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์œ ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ถ€์œ„๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณจ 19๋ก€(54.3 %), ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๊ณจ(37.1%), ์ƒ์ง€๊ณจ 3๋ก€ (8.6%)์˜€๊ณ  , ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ๊ณจ์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณจ (63.6 %), ํ์‡„์„ฑ ๊ณจ์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๊ณจ (61.5%)์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. 3. ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์œ ํ•ฉ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  3.3ํšŒ์˜ ์†ŒํŒŒ์ˆ , ๋ถ€๊ณจ์ „์ œ์ˆ ๋“ฑ ๊ณจ์กฐ์ž‘ํ›„์— ์™ธ๊ณ ์ •์ˆ  1 1๋ก€ (31.4 %), ๊ฐ์—ผ์ „ ์‹œํ–‰๋œ ๊ณ ์ •์˜ ์œ ์ง€ 15๋ก€( 42.9%), ๋‚ด๊ณ ์ •์ˆ  9๋ก€(25.7 %)๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜ ์˜€๊ณ  ๊ณจ์ด์‹์€ ์ด 26๋ก€(74.3 %)์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4. ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์œ ํ•ฉ์˜ ์ง„๋‹จํ›„ ์œ ํ•ฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ •์ด ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ‰๊ท  7.1๊ฐœ์›”, ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 21.7๊ฐœ์›”์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๊ณจ์˜ ์œ ํ•ฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ํ‰๊ท  10.8(4 - 29)๊ฐœ์›”, ๊ฒฝ๊ณจ์€ 7.0 (3 - 19)๊ฐœ์›”์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5. ์œ ํ•ฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ์ตœ์ข…์˜ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ๊ณ ์ •์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ์ „ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดˆ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ •์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์™ธ๊ณ ์ •๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณจ์ด์‹์ˆ ์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์งง์•˜๋‹ค. 6. ๊ณจ์ด์‹์ˆ ์€ ์ž๊ฐ€ํ•ด๋ฉด๊ณจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋„ osteoperiosteal d ecortication๊ณผ ๊ณจ์ด์‹์ˆ ์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ณจ์œ ํ•ฉ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. A Clinical Analysis of the Treatment of Infected Non-union in the Fractures of Long Bones Seok Beom Lee Department of Medical Science The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Professor Dae Yong Han, M.D.) It is often difficult to achieve bony union and eradicate infection in treating infected non-unions of the fractured long bones. The author carried out a clinical analysis of the 35 infected non-union cases, all aged 21 years or older, treated and followed for 6 months to 6 years from july 1979 to july 1988 in order to determine the possible factors which might influence the time required for attaining union. The results were as follows : 1. In 22 of the 35 infected non-unions, the primary fracture site was open (62.9%). The remaining 13 cases(37.1%) were the closed fractures associated with postoperative infection. 2. The sites of infected non-union were tibia in 19 (54.3%), femur in 13 (37.1%), and upper extremity in 3 (8.6%) cases. Tibia was more often involved in open fractures (63.6%). Femur, on the other hand, was more involved in closed fractures (61.5%). 3. After an average of 3.3 times of bony procedures, primary fixation was left in place in 15 (42.9%), external fixation was required in 11 (31.4%), and internal fixation was performed in 9 (25.7%). Bone graft was performed in 26 cases (74.3%). 4. Time required for achieving union was 7.1 months with stable primary fixation and 21.7 months with unstable primary fixation. Femur and tibia united at 10.8 (mean; ranged from 4 to 29) and 7.0 (mean; ranged from 3 to 19) months, respectively. 5. Bony union was delayed as the number of prior surgical procedures before successful treatment increased; the time for union was significantly shorter when either stable primary fixation or external fixation was combined with bone grafting. 6. Firmer bony union was achieved after performing Osteoperiosteal decortication with autogenous cancellous bone graft even in the presence of remaining infection at the non-union site.restrictio

    Effect of local anesthetic on degeneration and regeneration of the experimentally traumatized skeletal muscle

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์ด ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทผ์„ฌ์œ ๋Š” ๋ณ€์„ฑ๊ณผ ์žฌ์ƒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ฐ˜ํ”์กฐ์ง ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์™ธ์  ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์†์ƒ์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ตญ์†Œ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ ๊ทผ์œก๋‚ด์— ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์ž…์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ทผ์œก์กฐ์ง์˜ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์†Œ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ ๊ทผ์กฐ์ง์— ์†์ƒ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š” ์žˆ์–ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตญ์†Œ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์†์ƒ๋œ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ณ€์„ฑ๊ณผ ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋น„ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๊ตญ์†Œ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†์ƒ๋œ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์žฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์— ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์ , ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ์ง๊ณ„์ธกํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ํฐ์ฅ์˜ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์— ๊ณจ์ ˆ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ธ์œ„์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์†์ƒ์„ ์ค€ ๋‹ค์Œ, ๊ตญ์†Œ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ์ค‘ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ๊ทผ๋…์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฆฌ๋„์นด์ธ๊ณผ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ์—ํ”ผ๋„คํ”„๋ฆฐ์„ ์†์ƒ๋œ ๊ทผ์œก๋‚ด์— ๋‹จ๋… ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ๊ทผ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ดด์‚ฌ๋Š” ์†์ƒํ›„ 1์ผ์งธ๋Š” ๊ทผ์œก์†์ƒ๋งŒ์„ ์ค€ ์‹คํ—˜๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ฆฌ๋„์นด์ธ, ์—ํ”ผ๋„คํ”„๋ฆฐ์„ ๋‹จ๋… ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ๋“ค์—์„œ ์‹ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 3์ผ์งธ๋Š” ์—ํ”ผ๋„คํ”„๋ฆฐ์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ, 7์ผ์งธ๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ๊ทผ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ทผ๊ด€์€ ๊ทผ์œก์†์ƒํ›„ 7์ผ์งธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ •๋„๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋„์นด์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ํ”ผ๋„คํ”„๋ฆฐ์„ ๋‹จ๋…์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ, ๊ทผ์œก์†์ƒ๋งŒ์„ ์ค€ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์†์ƒํ›„ 15์ผ์งธ ๊ทผ๊ด€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ทผ๊ด€์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๊ด€์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฐ์—์„œ 30์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ๋ฐ˜ํ”์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ์‹คํ—˜ 7์ผ์งธ ์ดํ›„, ๋ฆฌ๋„์นด์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ํ”ผ๋„คํ”„๋ฆฐ์„ ๋‹จ๋… ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ด ๊ทผ์œก์†์ƒ๋งŒ์„ ์ค€ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. 15์ผ์งธ์ดํ›„๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ต์›์งˆ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋„์นด์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ํ”ผ๋„คํ”„๋ฆฐ์„ ๋‹จ๋…์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์€ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ์†์ƒ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ๊ทผ์„ฌ์œ  ๋‹จ๋ฉด์ ์€ ์†์ƒํ›„ 30์ผ์— ๊ทผ์œก์†์ƒ๋งŒ์„ ์ค€ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฆฌ๋„์นด์ธ์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” Aํ˜• ์„ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€, ์—ํ”ผ๋„คํ”„๋ฆฐ์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” A ๋ฐ Bํ˜• ์„ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” A, B, Cํ˜• ์„ฌ์œ  ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๋ณต์ด ๋Š๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์†์ƒํ›„ 90์ผ์—๋Š”, ๊ทผ์œก์† ์ƒ๋งŒ์„ ์ค€ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์—ํ”ผ๋„คํ”„๋ฆฐ์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ Bํ˜• ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ์œ„์ถ•์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์€ A, B, Cํ˜• ์„ฌ์œ  ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์œ„์ถ•์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทผ์„ฌ์œ ๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜ํ”์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ 90์ผ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์ , ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ง๊ณ„์ธกํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ทผ์œก์†์ƒ๋งŒ์„ ์ค€ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ทผ์œก์†์ƒ ํ›„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์‹ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ํšŒ๋ณตํ›„์˜ ๊ทผ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทผ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ์œ„์ถ•๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜ํ”์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ณ„์ธก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋ฆฌ๋„์นด์ธ์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์—ํ”ผ๋„คํ”„๋ฆฐ์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” 15โˆผ30์ผ ์ดํ›„ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 90์ผ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ, ๊ตญ์†Œ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ์™€ ์—ํ”ผ๋„คํ”„๋ฆฐ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์•ฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The repair of skeletal muscle after acute trauma, such as a rupture or contusion, occurs simultaneously by the regeneration of disrupted muscle and formation of a connective scar. In laboratory rodents, a single intramuscular injection of local anesthetics results in massive muscle fiber damage. Although the effects of various external factors, e.g. denervation, irradiation and steroid upon the repair of skeletal muscle injury has been previously studied, no attention has been focused on the effect of local anesthetics on the degeneration and regeneration process of the injured muscle. The author induced a constant transverse contusion injury on the calf of rats using Drop-Weight method. The force of impact was adjusted so that the gastrocnemius muscle was partially crushed without tearing the skin. Lidocaine, epinephrine and mixture of the drugs was intramuscularly injected at the site of injury. Morphological and histochemical observation was conducted with measurement and quantitation of the findings. The results were as fellows: 1. The experimentally traumatized skeletal muscle showed histological and histochemical evidences of the healing process for 90 days after acute trauma. 2. The morphological and histochemical changes in the traumatized muscle became more severe after the injection of lidocaine, epinephrine and mixture of the drugs. 3. The amount of collagenous scar tissue in the injured muscle was significantly increased after the injection of lidocaine, epinephrine and mixture of the drugs. Formation of the scar after day 15 was heaviest when the mixture of lidocaine and epinephrine were injected, whereas the injured muscle after injection of lidocaine or epinephrine developed equivocal amount of scar thereafter. 4. The cross sectional area of the muscle fibers was measured on day 30 and 90. Atrophy of muscle fiber was more severe in the injection groups than in the control groups. Muscle fiber was significantly more atrophied on day 90 in all types of fiber after injection of mixture of lidocaine and epinephrine and in type B fiber after injection of epinephrine, when compared to the control group. In conclusion, mixed injection of the lidocaine and epinephrine induced a significant reduction in the possible functional capacity of the injured skeletal muscle over the effect of a single drug administration.restrictio

    Nonpharmacological Interventions for Alzheimer`s Disease

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    Although acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine) and NMDA receptor antagonists (e.g., memantin) have demonstrated efficacy in the temporal symptomatic control of cognitive decline and daily function in Alzheimer`s disease (AD) patients, their effect is not good enough to restore premorbid function, nor is it maintained in the later stages. Therefore, nonpharmacological interventions are being increasingly advocated in order to optimize the cognition, affect and global functioning of AD patients. We reviewed the current nonpharmacological interventions for AD. Nonpharmacological interventions can be divided into two groups. One is cognitive interventions (e.g., Memory rehabilitations, Reality orientation, Reminiscence therapy and so on) and the other is behavioral interventions (e.g., unmet needs interventions, learning and behavioral interventions, environmental vulnerability and reduced stress-threshold interventions). Cognitive interventions are aimed to slow and compensate cognitive decline of AD patients. On the other hand, behavioral interventions are aimed to reduce neuropsychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, agitation, wandering, aggression and so on) of AD patients. Although many of the nonpharmacological interventions have proven beneficial for AD patients, their efficacy was still ambiguous. Randomized and controlled study with a larger sample size is needed to confirm efficacy of non pharmacological interventions.Lee SB, 2009, ARCH GERONTOL GERIAT, V49, P289, DOI 10.1016/j.archger.2008.10.005Teasdale TW, 2009, J NEUROL NEUROSUR PS, V80, P781, DOI 10.1136/jnnp.2008.162966Rothi LJG, 2009, J INT NEUROPSYCH SOC, V15, P311, DOI 10.1017/S1355617709090201Guetin S, 2009, DEMENT GERIATR COGN, V28, P36, DOI 10.1159/000229024Nguyen QA, 2008, INT J GERIATR PSYCH, V23, P337, DOI 10.1002/gps.1886Vance DE, 2008, J NEUROSCI NURS, V40, P96Provencher V, 2008, AM J ALZHEIMERS DIS, V23, P47, DOI 10.1177/1533317507307228Bier N, 2008, NEUROPSYCHOL REHABIL, V18, P343, DOI 10.1080/09602010701694723Lin PWK, 2007, INT J GERIATR PSYCH, V22, P405, DOI 10.1002/gps.1688Ayalon L, 2006, ARCH INTERN MED, V166, P2182Wang PS, 2005, NEW ENGL J MED, V353, P2335, DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa052827Ruis C, 2005, AGING CLIN EXP RES, V17, P514Metzler-Baddeley C, 2005, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V27, P1070, DOI 10.1080/13803390490919164Schneider LS, 2005, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V294, P1934Briesacher BA, 2005, ARCH INTERN MED, V165, P1280Hochhalter AK, 2005, EXP AGING RES, V31, P101, DOI 10.1080/03610730590914976Sink KM, 2005, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V293, P596Spector A, 2005, COCHRANE DB SYST REV, DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001119.pub2WOODS B, 2005, COCHRANE DB SYST REV, DOI DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001120.PUB2LEE SY, 2005, TAEHAN KANHO HAKHOE, V35, P303Snow AL, 2004, J ALTERN COMPLEM MED, V10, P431, DOI 10.1089/1075553041323696Feliciano L, 2004, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V37, P107Baker R, 2003, J ADV NURS, V43, P465Kessels RPC, 2003, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V25, P805Wilson BA, 2003, NEUROREHABILITATION, V18, P3NEAL M, 2003, COCHRANE DB SYST REV, DOI DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001394Hart T, 2002, J HEAD TRAUMA REHAB, V17, P556Ballard CG, 2002, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V63, P553Kixmiller JS, 2002, BRAIN COGNITION, V49, P237, DOI 10.1006/brcg.2001.1476Yaffe K, 2002, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V287, P2090GRAY SG, 2002, AM J ALZHEIMERS DIS, V17, P169Moniz-Cook E, 2001, INT J GERIATR PSYCH, V16, P45RAGNESKOG H, 2001, INT J NURS PRACT, V7, P146van den Broek MD, 2000, BRAIN INJURY, V14, P455Clare L, 2000, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V22, P132SPECTOR A, 2000, COCHRANE DB SYST REV, P1120Heard K, 1999, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V32, P381Palmer CV, 1999, J SPEECH LANG HEAR R, V42, P312Evans JJ, 1998, J INT NEUROPSYCH SOC, V4, P399CLARK ME, 1998, J GERONTOLOGICAL NUR, V24, P10HOPE KW, 1998, J PSYCHIATR MENT HLT, V5, P377MACMAHON S, 1998, AUST J HOLIST NURS, V5, P47CohenMansfield J, 1997, J GERONTOL A-BIOL, V52, pM369Lyketsos CG, 1997, J NEUROPSYCH CLIN N, V9, P556Wilson BA, 1997, J NEUROL NEUROSUR PS, V63, P113Hope K, 1997, J ADV NURS, V25, P780Stern Y, 1997, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V277, P806HOLTKAMP CC, 1997, TIJDSCHR GERONTOL GE, V28, P124KRAGT K, 1997, VERPLEEGKUNDE, V12, P227LOVELL BB, 1995, PSYCHIAT RES, V57, P7SNYDER M, 1995, GERIATR NURS, V16, P60THOENE AIT, 1995, J INT NEUROPSYCH SOC, V1, P29HEISS WD, 1994, DEMENTIA, V5, P88BAKKE BL, 1994, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V27, P175HITCH S, 1994, J CLIN NURS, V3, P49BALDELLI MV, 1993, ARCH GERONTOL GERIAT, V17, P211ABRAHAMS JP, 1993, CLIN GERONTOLOGIST, V12, P57GERDNER LA, 1993, ARCH PSYCHIAT NURS, V7, P284ODONOVAN S, 1993, NURS ELDER, V5, P27MCKITRICK LA, 1992, J GERONTOL, V47, P337DIESFELDT HFA, 1991, TIJDSCHR GERONTOL GE, V22, P221CAMP CJ, 1990, CLIN GERONTOLOGIST, V10, P58GLISKY EL, 1988, J LEARN DISABIL, V21, P333GLISKY EL, 1986, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V8, P292GRAF P, 1985, J EXP PSYCHOL LEARN, V11, P501YESAVAGE JA, 1981, J AM GERIATR SOC, V29, P164FEIL NW, 1967, GERONTOLOGIST, V7, P192

    A Multi-Level Meta Analysis on the Relations Between Mental Health Problems and Internet Addiction

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