102 research outputs found

    ๋ˆ„์„ค์ „์žํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ณต์›

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 8. ๊น€์„ฑ์ฒ .In this dissertation, reconstruction of electromagnetic emanation security (EMSEC)-channel information for video display units and printer are reconstructed using the averaging technique and proposed adaptive deringing filter. Also, emission security limits are proposed based on the analysis of the indoor EMSEC-channel. An emitted waveform from equipment which manages the important information can be detected and restored intentionally using the sensitive antenna and high performance receiver. These documents related to the EMSEC have classified by high confidentiality so that these are prohibited to publish by military organization. For this reason, reasonable emission security limits for various electronic devices dealing with significant information are necessary. Firstly, we try to identify the exact a signal characteristics and the frequency components to measure and analyze the spectrum of electromagnetic waves which are contained information on personal computer (PC) and printer. The target devices are the desktop, laptop and laser printer which is generally used in the domestic offices in this study. The printer processed a large amount of information for a short period of time, there may be leaked the information in this process. To verify the leakage of electromagnetic spectrum that contains information, we measure and analyze the whole spectrum from 100 MHz to 1000 MHz. Secondly, we represent how to build the EMSEC-system and to restore the signal leakage of electromagnetic waves on the basis of the signal characteristics of the electromagnetic wave leakage of printer and video display unit (VDU) of PC. The parameters that can improve the performance of signal recovery of the leakage electromagnetic wave, it can be given antenna sensitivity, resolution bandwidth (RBW) of the receiver, and signal processing gain. To adjust the signal processing gain, antenna which have the high antenna gain, and the use of wider RBW on receiver are improved hardware of EMSEC system. Whereas image restoration algorithm for EMSEC system as post-processing is a portion corresponding to the software of EMSEC system. Techniques for increasing signal strength and noise reduction are particularly important when trying to measure compromising emanations because the magnitude of these signals can be extremely small. Averaging technique find to achieve maximum cross correlation between recorded electromagnetic leaked signals. That method is a practical, highly effective and widely used technique for increasing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a periodic signal, such as that generated by the image-refresh circuitry in a video display system. But, the printer and facsimile exhibit aperiodicity in their EMSEC-channel information during their operation state unlike video display systems. Since the aperiodic EMSEC-channel information of equipments such as printers and faxes is not involved in processing gain, the differences between periodic- and aperiodic compromising emanations need to be considered in order to establish emission security limits. In addition to, we propose the adaptive deringing filter to reconstruct the EMSEC- channel information from PC and printer. We can obtain that the minimum peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) enhancement is 2 and maximum PSNR enhancement is 10 compared with the original reconstructed image. Next, we perform the EMSEC-channel measurements in the 100?1000 MHz frequency bands. Second, we analyze the pathloss characteristics of the indoor EMSEC-channel based on these measurements. We find the frequency correlation pathloss characteristics of compromising emanations to determine the reasonable total radio attenuation (TRA). Also, the pathloss exponent value have a range from 1.06 to 2.94 depending on frequency band and the CMs, which in turn differed with propagation environments. Through this EMSEC-channel analysis, we affirm that the TRA, which is one of the key parameters for determining the security limits for compromising emanations, follows the Rician distribution. However, previous work assumed that radio attenuations would have constant values. We found that the TRA does not show significant differences depending on the frequency bands and has the following range depending on the environment, 29?41dB at CM2, a 42?57 dB at CM3, a 47?57 dB at CM4, and 24?29 at CM5. In addition to, CM3 and CM4 have greater TRA than CM2 and CM5. Based on the experimental results of this study, we propose security limits on periodic as well as aperiodic EMSEC-channel information. The proposed security limits on compromising emanations are classified into two levels according to the TRA and the level of required confidentiality. Periodic emission security limits for class A is 24, 28, 35 dBฮผV/m in the 100-400 MHz, 400-900 MHz and 900-1000 MHz, respectively. And periodic emission security limits for class B is 4, 1, 3, 5 dBฮผV/m in the 100-200 MHz, 200-600 MHz, 600-700 MHz and 700-1000 MHz, respectively. Aperiodic emission security limits are weaker than the processing gain Gp, 23 dBi than periodic emission security limits owing to the redundancy caused by repetitive signals. So, that the periodic EMSEC-channel information is easily leaked and reconstructed, which results in a potential risk. Thus, the periodic emission security limits must be stronger than the aperiodic emission security limits. We can then compare our security limits with other security limits and existing civil and military EMC standards. Future works may include characterization and reconstruction of FAX, smartcard and other electronics. And it is need to EMSEC-channel analysis in more complex environments.Chapter 1 Introduction.............................................................1 1.1 Historic background and previous work......................................3 1.2 Motivation and scope...................................................................6 Chapter 2 Detection of Compromising Emanations................9 2.1 Introduction..................................................................................9 2.2 Compromising Emanations from Video Display Units.............10 2.2.1 Property of Video Display Units ..............................................10 2.2.2 Leakage path of Video Display Units........................................11 2.2.3Measurement system...................................................................13 2.2.4 Measurement result....................................................................15 2.3 Compromising Emanations from Printer...................................17 2.3.1 Property of Printer.....................................................................17 2.3.2 Leakage path of Printer..............................................................19 2.3.3 Measurement system..................................................................20 2.3.4 Measurement result....................................................................21 2.4 Conclusion..................................................................................23 Chapter 3 Reconstruction of Compromising Emanations.....25 3.1 Introduction................................................................................25 3.2 EMSEC system for Reconstruction...........................................26 3.3 Reconstruction of Compromising Emanations from Video Display Units....................................................................................26 3.3.1 Characteristics of EMSEC-channel information from VDUs...26 3.3.2 Reconstruction result.................................................................30 3.4 Reconstruction of Compromising Emanations from Printerโ€ฆ 31 3.4.1 Characteristics of EMSEC-channel information from Printer..31 3.4.2 Reconstruction result.................................................................34 3.5 Adaptive Deringing Filter for EMSEC-channel information Reconstruction..................................................................................36 3.6 Conclusion..................................................................................40 Chapter 4 Characteristic of Frequency Correlation EMSEC-Channel in indoor environments............................................42 4.1 Introduction................................................................................42 4.2 Measurement methodology........................................................43 4.2.1 Measurement system..................................................................43 4.2.2 Measurement scenario and environment...................................43 4.3 Analysis of indoor EMSEC-Channel for Compromising Emanationsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..................................46 4.3.1 Frequency correlation property of indoor EMSEC-Channel....47 4.3.2 Pathloss characteristics of indoor EMSEC-Channel.................52 4.4 Conclusion..................................................................................56 Chapter 5 Emission Security Limits for Compromising Emanations.............................................................................58 5.1 Introduction................................................................................58 5.2 Parameters for Emission Security Limits โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.58 5.2.1 Total radio attenuation...............................................................60 5.2.2 Radio noise.................................................................................65 5.2.3 Antenna gain..............................................................................67 5.2.4 Signal processing gain...............................................................68 5.2.5 Minimum SNR for reconstruction.............................................69 5.2.6 Receiver noise figure.................................................................70 5.2.7 Calculation of emission security limits.....................................71 5.3 Proposed Emission Security Limits...........................................72 5.4 Comparison with Public Standards and Other Security Limits.75 5.4.1 CISPR 22 and MIL-STD-461E.................................................75 5.4.2 Security limits for Markus Kuhn...............................................76 5.4.3 ITU-T K.84 Guidelines..............................................................78 5.5 Conclusion..................................................................................84 Chapter 6 Summary and Further Study.................................86 Bibliography 90 Abstract in Korean.................................................................95Docto

    ํŒ๋งค์›์™ธ๋ชจ-๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ์ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ •์„œ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ์ด์œ ์žฌ.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก ๊ณ ๊ฐ-์„œ๋น„์Šค์ข…์—…์› ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ํฌ์ง€์…”๋‹ ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ผ์ปฌ์–ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ ‘์ด‰์˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œํ™”(branded service encountersSirianni et al., 2013)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ๊ณ ๊ฐ-์„œ๋น„์Šค์ข…์—…์› ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ํฌ์ง€์…”๋‹ ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ข…์—…์›์˜ ์™ธ๋ชจ, ํƒœ๋„, ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ข…์—…์›์˜ ์™ธ์–‘์„ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์  ๋…ธ๋™(aesthetic labor)์€ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ผ€ํ„ฐ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ํ•˜์—, ํŠนํžˆ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์‹ค๋ฌด์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ๋ฏธ์  ๋…ธ๋™์ด ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์‹ค๋ฌด์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ ‘์ด‰์˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ข…์—…์›์˜ ํƒœ๋„ ๋ฐ ํ–‰๋™์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด, ์ข…์—…์›์˜ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ธ์‹์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์‹ค๋ฌด์—์„œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์  ๋…ธ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ ‘์ด‰์˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ข…์—…์›์˜ ํƒœ๋„์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข…์—…์›์˜ ์™ธ์–‘(physical appearance)์ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ํฌ์ง€์…”๋‹ ์ „๋žต์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ •์„œ(brand affect)์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜ 1๊ณผ 2๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ํŒ๋งค์›์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์™ธ๋ชจ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ(i.e., ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ-ํŒ๋งค์›์™ธ๋ชจ ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ)์€ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ •์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ-ํŒ๋งค์›์™ธ๋ชจ ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ์€ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ(perceived representativeness)๊ณผ ๊ธ์ •์  ์ •์„œ(positive affect)์˜ ์—ฐ์†๋งค๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ •์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ํŒ๋งค์›์˜ ์™ธ๋ชจ ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ํŒ๋งค์›์ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ํฌ์ง€์…”๋‹ ์ „๋žต์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์จ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ํŒ๋งค์›์˜ ์™ธ์–‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ์กฑ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธ์ •์  ์ •์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์  ์ •์„œ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์„œ๋กœ ์ด์ „๋˜์–ด, ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ •์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ(social anxiety) ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ-ํŒ๋งค์›์™ธ๋ชจ ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ •์„œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์ด ๋†’์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ-ํŒ๋งค์› ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ์€ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ •์„œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ-ํŒ๋งค์› ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์–ด: ๋ฏธ์  ๋…ธ๋™, ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ ‘์ด‰์˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œํ™”, ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ, ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ •์„œ, ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ ‘์  ์ง์›, ๊ธ์ •์  ์ •์„œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐAs brand personality concept has been widely recognized as an effective marketing tool to achieve competitive advantage, the importance of frontline employees are also emphasized more than ever as they play important role in establishing and reinforcing the brand concept to customers, by directly interacting with them. In fact, Sirianni, Bitner, and Brown (2013) has introduced the concept of branded service encounter, which describes interactions between customers and employees that are in congruence with the firms brand positioning. Branded service encounter is a comprehensive construct in terms that this alignment of brand positioning can be achieved along several dimensions, such as employee appearance, manner, and personality. While previous research on branded service encounter has mainly focused on behavioral trait of employee, this research examines physical appearance of employee in association with brand positioning strategy. Also, despite the fact that aesthetic labor (i.e., strategic control of physical appearance of salesperson to the level it matches the companys brand positioning) has been widely accepted by brand managers as an effective marketing tool in building and enhancing brand personality concept, this issue did not receive much attention from academic researchers. To fill this gap, this research empirically tests whether the strategical alignment of salespersons look with brand personality actually results in customers positive affective response toward the brand, as expected by marketing practitioners. Across two studies, this research reveals that (1) salesperson look-brand personality congruence has positive impact on brand affect and (2) identifies the underlying mechanism of the relationship between brand personality-salesperson look congruence and brand affect through the serial mediation of perceived representativeness and positive affect. In other words, when there is brand personality-salesperson look congruence, customers are more likely to perceive the salesperson as representing the brand, which in turn increases positive affect as a result of expectation-confirmation process. That is, when customers perceive the salesperson as brand representative, it confirms their prior expectation about the salespersons appearance, which is developed from brand positioning strategy that uses brand personality concept (e.g., advertisement, promotional messages). Increased positive affect is then transferred to that toward the brand and eventually results in increased brand affect. Furthermore, this research reveals (3) the moderating role of social anxiety such that the positive impact of brand-salesperson congruence on brand affect is stronger for customers with high social anxiety than those with low social anxiety. Keywords: aesthetic labor, branded service encounters, perceived representativeness, brand affect, frontline employees, social anxiety, positive affectI. INTRODUCTION 1 II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 3 The Impact of Brand-Salesperson Congruence on Brand Affect 3 The Mediating Role of Perceived Brand Representativeness of a Salesperson and Expectation-Confirmation model 6 The Moderating Effect of Social Anxiety 11 III. STUDY 1 15 Method 16 Subjects 16 Design & procedures 17 Measures 18 Results 21 Manipulation checks 21 The effect of brand personality-salesperson look congruence on brand affect 22 Serial mediation of positive affect and perceived representativeness 23 Discussion 25 IV. STUDY 2 27 Method 28 Subjects 28 Design & procedures 28 Measures 30 Results 31 Manipulation checks 31 Preliminary analysis 32 Serial mediation analysis 33 The moderating effect of social anxiety 35 Moderated mediation analysis 37 Discussion 38 V. GENERAL DISCUSSION 39 REFERENCES 45 APPENDIX A: Scenario Part 1 (Study 1) 51 APPENDIX B: Scenario Part 2 (Study 1) 51 APPENDIX C: Scenario Part 2 (Study 2) 53 ABSTRACT (KOREAN) 55Maste

    ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ถ€์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์กฐ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณ ๊ณ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ(๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ „๊ณต),2010.2.Maste

    ER stress์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์‘์ง‘ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ IRE1 ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

    No full text
    Huntingtons disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of CAG repeats in huntingtin gene. The aggregation of mutant huntingtin (mtHTT) and striatal cell loss are representative features to cause uncontrolled movement, cognitive defect and psychiatric disturbance in HD. However, underlying mechanism of mtHTT aggregation and cell toxicity remains still elusive. Here, to find new genes modulating mtHTT aggregation, I performed cell-based functional screening using cDNA expression library and isolated IRE1 gene, one of ER stress sensors. Ectopic expression of IRE1 led to its self-activation and accumulated detergent-resistant mtHTT aggregates in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y, rat striatal AF5 and HEK293F cells. Treatment of neuronal cells with ER stress insults, tunicamycin and thapsigargin, increased mtHTT aggregation via IRE1 activation, while down-regulation of IRE1 expression using shRNA reduced ER stress-induced mtHTT aggregation. The kinase activity of IRE1, but not the endoribonuclease activity, was necessary to stimulate mtHTT aggregation and increased death of neuronal cells including SH-SY5Y and STHdhQ111/111 huntingtin knock-in striatal cells. Interestingly, ER stress impaired autophagy flux via IRE1-TRAF2 pathway, thus enhancing cellular accumulation of mtHTT. Atg5 deficiency in M5-7 cells increased mtHTT aggregation but blocked ER stress-induced mtHTT aggregation. Further, ER stress markers including p-IRE1 and autophagy markers such as p62 were up-regulated exclusively in the striatal tissues of HD mouse models and in HD patients. Moreover, down-regulation of IRE1 expression rescues the rough-eye phenotype by mtHTT in a HD fly model. These results suggest that IRE1 plays an essential role in ER stress-mediated aggregation of mtHTT via the inhibition of autophagy flux and thus neuronal toxicity of mtHTT aggregates in HD.ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด ๋ณ‘ (Huntingtons disease)์€ ์œ ์ „์„ฑ, ํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ, ์ž์‹ ์ด ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด๋„๋ณ‘(chorea), ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์‹ ์žฅ์•  ๋ฐ ์น˜๋งค ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด ๋ณ‘์˜ ์›์ธ ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด (huntingtin) ์œ ์ „์ž์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด ๋‚ด์— CAG ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์„œ์—ด์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„œ์—ด์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์‘์ง‘ (aggregation)ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘๋‡Œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ๊ธฐ์ €ํ•ต ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์†Œ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด ๋ณ‘์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ž˜ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š”, ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด ๋ณ‘์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ธ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์‘์ง‘ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด ์‘์ง‘ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, 1800 ์—ฌ๊ฐœ์˜ cDNA library pool์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ cell-based functional screening์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, IRE1 ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด ์‘์ง‘ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด ๋ณ‘์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. IRE1์€ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์†Œํฌ์ฒด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์†Œํฌ์ฒด์—์„œ ER stress๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์„ผ์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. IRE1์ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์ธ AF5, SH-SY5Y, primary neuronal cell์—์„œ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋˜๋ฉด, ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด ์‘์ง‘์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์‘์ง‘์€ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ IRE1์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” signal์ธ ER stress๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด ์‘์ง‘ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, shRNA๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ IRE1์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ER stress์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด ์‘์ง‘ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด, ER stress๋ฅผ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ผ์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ค‘, IRE1์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์‘์ง‘ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. IRE1์˜ mutagenesis์™€ deletion mutants ์ œ์ž‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ, ER stress์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด ์‘์ง‘ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— IRE์˜ kinase activity๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ์€ dominant negative TRAF2์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ €ํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ IRE1-TRAF2 pathway๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋Š” autophagy๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ER stress๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด IRE1 kinase activity๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ IRE1-TRAF2 pathway๊ฐ€ autophagy activity๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ER stress์— ์˜ํ•ด autophagy activity๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์— ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด ์‘์ง‘์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ, IRE1์˜ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ER stress์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด ์‘์ง‘ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ธํฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , shRNA๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ IRE1์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, dominant negative mutant ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ER stress์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ฅ์™€ ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ p-IRE1๊ณผ p62 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์–‘์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด ๋ณ‘์—์„œ์˜ ER stress ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ autophagy activity ๊ฐ์†Œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด ๋ณ‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” rough eye phenotype์ด IRE1์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜๋ฉด ์™„ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„์„œ ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์—์„œ IRE1์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, cell-based functional screening์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์‘์ง‘์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์„ ๋™์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ IRE1์ด ER stress์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๊ณ  autophagy activity๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•ด์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด ์‘์ง‘์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ž‘์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด ๋ณ‘์—์„œ ER stress์™€ autophagy ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ‹ด ์‘์ง‘ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ž‘ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋„“ํ˜”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ER stress ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด ๋ณ‘์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Docto

    (The) effect of mouth breathing due to nasopharyngeal obstruction by adenoids on the type of dentition

    No full text
    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ถ€์ •๊ตํ•ฉ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์ธ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜ธํก์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ตฌํ˜ธํก์˜ ์›์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” Adenoids์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„์ธ๋‘ํ์‡„๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ˜ธํก์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€ ๊ตฌํ˜ธํก์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” Adenoid๋น„๋Œ€์„ค์ด ์œ ๋ ฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ €์ž๋Š” Adenoids๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ตฌํ˜ธํก์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋™ 57๋ช…๊ณผ ์ •์ƒ์•„๋™ 50๋ช…์˜ ๋‘๋ถ€๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๊ณ„์ธก์‚ฌ์ง„๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์น˜์—ด์ƒ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜€์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์น˜์—ด์ƒ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ๋‘๋ถ€๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ค ๊ณ„์ธก์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ƒ์•…์ค‘์ ˆ์น˜์˜ ์ˆœ์ธก๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ•˜์•…์ค‘์ ˆ์น˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 2. ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณ„์ธก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ƒ์•…๋Œ€๊ตฌ์น˜๊ฐ„ ํญ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๊ตฌ์น˜๊ฐ„ ํญ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๊นŠ์€๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๊ต ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์น˜๋ถ€ Cross-bite์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 4. ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ˜€์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค 5. ํ˜€์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ์น˜์—ด๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ˜€์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋ฉด ์ƒ์•…๋Œ€๊ตฌ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๊ตฌ์น˜๊ฐ„ ํญ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์น˜๋ถ€ Cross-bite์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์œจ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] This study was made to investigate the influence of mouth breathing to dentition, tongue position and correlation between dentition and tongue position. It has been clinically suggested that the mouth breathing is induced by the respiratory dysfunction of nasopharyngeal airway causing by the Adenoids. The author used the 57children, who were the nasal breathers with normal occlusion as the control group, and 50 children, who were mouth breathers with adenoids as the experimental group. Results were as following : 1. In experimental group, upper incisors were proclined. 2. The experimental group had the openbite and crows-bite tendency. 3. In experimental group, upper molar and premolar arch width were significantly less than those in control group and height of palatal vault was higher than that. 4. The experimental group had the low tongue position. 5. There was a negative relation between tongue position and upper arch width and length, positive relation between tongue position and height of palatal vault.restrictio

    The Political Economy of Agriculture in the State Formation of Baekje

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณ ๊ณ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ(๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2022.2. ์ด์ค€์ •.Agriculture was not only the foundation of ancient subsistence; it was a means to provide daily necessities and prestige goods, and a way to secure and assert wealth and power. Agriculture is crucial to understanding the economic changes that occur during the state formation period of ancient civilizations, and even sheds light on the political and social changes of that era. By focusing on the political, economic, and social contexts of the state formation period of Baekje, this dissertation seeks to explore the nature of Baekjeโ€™s agricultural production, changes in its production, and the causes of that change. To identify the main characteristics of Baekjeโ€™s agriculture, this study analyzes crop remains and iron agricultural implements that were excavated from archaeological sites in the central region of Korea. This data is then examined against four agricultural strategies commonly implemented to increase productivity during the periodโ€”intensification, innovation, specialization and diversificationโ€”in order to discern the key aspects of Baekjeโ€™s agricultural strategies. By reviewing various archaeological evidence in addition to agricultural data, the study ultimately seeks to understand whether the many changes that happened during Baekjeโ€™s state formation period initiated the adoption of new agricultural methods. Central to this study is the analysis of crop remains through paleoethnobotanic methods. By tracking changes in crop composition and size, the study demonstrates that among the various products harvested in the central region of ancient Korea, cereals and legumes remained dominant throughout the ages. This strategyโ€”focusing on crops that are highly adaptable to environmental change while also farming plants with various degrees of adaptabilityโ€”appears to be a measure to cope with crises such as climate change, and indicates an emphasis on reducing risk and increasing stability. Despite the overall continuity, certain regions displayed distinct characteristics in crop type and composition. Rice cultivation tended to increase around the southern Gyeonggi region; rice, barley, and barnyard millet cultivation started in the Yeongseo region; while legume cultivation increased in certain sites. Considering the high productivity per unit area of rice and legumes and the extended growing season brought by barley-legume rotations, the study posits that these new agricultural strategies implemented in the central region during Baekjeโ€™s state formation period contributed to significant increases in production. By comparing the size of soybeans and adzuki beans found in different excavation sites, the study also presents new findings on ancient cropping systems that were previously unaccounted for by conventional archaeological methods. Compared to excavation sites without barley remains, excavation sites with barley remains were more likely to yield legumes of smaller grain sizes, indicating that the introduction of barleyโ€“legume rotations during Baekjeโ€™s state formation led to shorter rearing periods and thus smaller grain sizes. Moreover, sites that excavated legumes of both small and large grain sizes denoted the simultaneous presence of single cropping systems that were capable of producing large legumes. Signs of mixed cropping were even found in sites where the decrease in bean sizes matched the decrease in red bean sizes, suggesting that the two legumes were farmed together after the harvesting of barley. Namely, multiple agricultural methods such as single cropping and mixed cropping were adopted in parallel to barleyโ€“legume rotations during this period, which led to increased production by extending the growing season and providing provisions against environmental risks. Meanwhile, the time line for adopting barleyโ€“legume rotation differed across regions, e.g., it began during the Proto Three Kingdoms period for the Gyeonggi area while the Yeongseo region adopted it during the Hanseong period. This dissertation is not limited to paleoethnobotany, but incorporates the analysis of iron agricultural implements to explore changes in agricultural technology. Iron spade blades, iron hoes, and sickles from the Hanseong era were excavated across broader areas and in increased quantities. The increase of iron hoes is especially considered to have advanced productivity by improving the efficiency and quality of production. Patterns in farming equipment ownership also changed. The increase of iron hoes in hamlets near the capital city suggest Baekjeโ€™s state control over the production and distribution of tools. Also, the concentration of iron hoes in specific features excavated in the Northern Gyeonggi and Youngseo area, and the propensity for iron spade blades and sickles to be mainly owned by the upper class also indicate that the possession of farming equipment may have been restricted. Based on these findings, the study identifies several key aspects of the agricultural changes that happened during Baekjeโ€™s state formation. The Gyeonggi region displayed signs of specialization following the expansion of paddy field farming in its southern areas, and the iron hoes excavated around Baekjeโ€™s capital city pointed towards innovation. Namely, the Gyeonggi region adopted high-risk strategies that require high initial cost and labor but ultimately improves the quality and efficiency of the production process. Meanwhile, as the use of iron agricultural implements was limited in Yeongseo, the region adopted the labor-intensive strategy of diversification by also farming rice, barley, and barnyard millet. This strategy does not require any initial costs or labor but lacks in efficiency. In other words, each region selected distinct agricultural strategies, and their differences were likely based on factors such as regional farming traditions, environmental conditions, and economic base. Lastly, this dissertation examines archaeological data related to the social and political changes of the era. Evidence of shifts in population density, the introduction of specialized production systems, and increased social stratification were all prominently found in excavation sites where agricultural changes also occurred. This points to the possibility of agricultural change as a method to manage the disproportionate growth of population, to provide economic means for securing goods that emerged from a new production system, and to respond to the rise of elites following increased social stratification. It is highly likely that the economic and social changes that arose during the formation of Baekje triggered the adoption of new agricultural strategies. Unlike previous studies that only focused on groundbreaking technological developments or the introduction of large-scale production systems when dealing with the political context of state formation, this dissertation delineates agricultural changes in species, composition, and cropping systems that still maintain the framework of traditional agricultural production. The new agricultural strategies adopted across the central region of Korea became the foundation of Baekjeโ€™s stable agricultural production, and enabled Baekje to match the increased need for resources during its process of state formation.๋†์—…์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒ์—… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒํ•„ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์œ„์„ธํ’ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด์ž ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ •์น˜์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์ฃผ์ œ๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์ œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์›์ธ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†์—… ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์ค‘๋ถ€์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ ์œ ์ ์—์„œ ์ถœํ† ๋œ ์ค‘์š” ๋†์—… ์ž๋ฃŒ์ธ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์œ ์กด์ฒด์™€ ์ฒ ์ œ ๋†๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฑ์ œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์ฆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋†์—… ์ „๋žต๋“ค, ์ฆ‰ ๋…ธ๋™ ์ง‘์•ฝํ™”, ํ˜์‹ , ์ „๋ฌธํ™”, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™” ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ํ›„์— ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์˜ ๋†์—… ์ „๋žต๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋†์—… ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋†์—… ์ „๋žต์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์œ ์กด์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์กฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž‘๋ฌผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋น„์ค‘ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ค‘๋ถ€์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์žก๊ณก๊ณผ ๋‘๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์š” ์ž‘๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์œ ์ง€๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ ์‘๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์‘๋ ฅ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ์ง€์†์„ฑ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ์ทจ๋ฝ๋ณ„๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋‚จ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์Œ€์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ , ์˜์„œ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์Œ€, ๋ณด๋ฆฌ, ํ”ผ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์œ ์ ์—์„œ ๋‘๋ฅ˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ฉด์ ๋‹น ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Œ€, ๋‘๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜, ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„, ๋ฐฑ์ œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ถ€์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋œ ๋†์—… ์ „๋žต์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์ฆ๋Œ€์— ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์  ๊ฐ„ ์ฝฉ๊ณผ ํŒฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์ž‘๋ถ€์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ฐํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งฅ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ถœํ† ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์ ๋“ค์—์„œ ๋งฅ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ถœํ† ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์œ ์ ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์†Œ๋ฆฝ(ๅฐ็ฒ’)์˜ ๋‘๋ฅ˜ ์ข…์ž๋“ค์ด ์ถœํ† ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฐฑ์ œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ๋งฅ๋ฅ˜์— ๋’ค์ด์–ด ์ฝฉ๊ณผ ํŒฅ์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋งฅํ›„์ž‘(้บฅๅพŒไฝœ)์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‘๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ์œก ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์ ธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ์ •ํ™ฉ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ(ๅคง็ฒ’)์˜ ๋‘๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ถœํ† ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ ์ข…์ž๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ž‘(ๅ–ฎไฝœ)์ด ๋ณ‘ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„, ์ฝฉ๊ณผ ํŒฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์—์„œ ๋งฅ๋ฅ˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ์ดํ›„์— ๋‘ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์ด ํ˜ผ์ž‘(ๆททไฝœ)๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ถ€์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งฅํ›„์ž‘์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‹จ์ž‘, ํ˜ผ์ž‘ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž‘๋ถ€์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘๋ถ€์ฒด๊ณ„๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋งฅํ›„์ž‘์˜ ์ฑ„ํƒ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์˜์„œ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ตญํ•œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ฒ ์ œ ๋†๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ์ฒ ์ œ ์‚ฝ๋‚ , ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ดญ์ด, ๊ฒธ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ถœํ†  ๋น„์œจ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ดญ์ด๋Š” ์ด์šฉ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์ฆ๋Œ€์— ์ผ์กฐํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์†Œ์œ  ์–‘์ƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ดญ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์ œ ๋„์„ฑ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ทจ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ด์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ ธ ๋ฐฑ์ œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์œ ํ†ต์„ ๊ด€์žฅํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ•์› ์˜์„œ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ดญ์ด๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ์œ ๊ตฌ์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฝ๋‚ ๊ณผ ์ฒ ๊ฒธ์ด ์ƒ์œ„ ๊ณ„์ธต์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์†Œ์œ ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋†๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ž‘๋ฌผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ๋†๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ด์šฉ ์–‘์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์ œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ธฐ ๋†์—… ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋‚จ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ „ ๋†๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด, ๋ฐฑ์ œ ๋„์„ฑ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์œ ์ ๋“ค์—์„œ ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ดญ์ด์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜, ๋†’์€ ๋น„์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์–ด ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋žต๋“ค์ด ์ฑ„ํƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์˜์„œ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์ฒ ์ œ ๋†๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์Œ€, ๋ณด๋ฆฌ, ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์ง‘์•ฝ์ ์ธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™” ์ „๋žต์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์€ ๋น„์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์  ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž…์€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋„ ๋‚ฎ์ง€๋งŒ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „๋žต๋“ค์ด ์ฑ„ํƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„์— ๋†์—… ์ „๋žต์˜ ํŠน์ง•์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋†์—… ๋ฐฉ์‹, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ฑ„ํƒ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์–‘์ƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ์ •์น˜์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋†์—… ์ „๋žต์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์›์ธ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์ „๋ฌธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ, ๊ณ„์ธตํ™” ์‹ฌํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์ด ๋†์—… ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์œ ์ ์—์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ธ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ž์› ๊ฐ„ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์ธตํ™” ์‹ฌํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋†์—… ์–‘์ƒ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์ œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์–‘์ƒ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์œ ์ ์—์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๋ฐฑ์ œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐฑ์ œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋†์—… ์ „๋žต์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง๊ฐ„์ ‘์  ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋†์—… ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๋˜ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํ‹€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ์ž‘๋ถ€์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‘๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋†์—… ์ „๋žต์€ ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‚˜ ์ทจ๋ฝ์˜ ๋†์—… ์ „ํ†ต, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฐฑ์ œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ถ€์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๋Œ€์˜ ํ•„์š”๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.I. ์„œ๋ก  1 II. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  7 1. ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ธฐ ๋†์—… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 7 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 21 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 31 1) ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 31 (1) ์ž‘๋ฌผ์กฐ์„ฑ 31 (2) ์ž‘๋ฌผ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ 33 (3) ์ฒ ์ œ ๋†๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ถœํ†  ์–‘์ƒ 37 2) ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 40 III. ์ž‘๋ฌผ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ-๋ฐฑ์ œ ํ•œ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 53 1. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์œ ์กด์ฒด ์ถœํ†  ์–‘์ƒ 54 1) ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ 54 (1) ๊ฐ€ํ‰ ๋Œ€์„ฑ๋ฆฌ ์œ ์  57 (2) ๋‚จ์–‘์ฃผ ์žฅํ˜„๋ฆฌ ์œ ์  61 (3) ์šฉ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฆผ๋™ ์œ ์  65 (4) ๊ฐ•๋‚ด๋ฆฌ, ์‚ฌ์ •๋ฆฌ, ํ’๋‚ฉํ† ์„ฑ, ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฐœ์•ˆ๋ฆฌ ์œ ์  68 (5) ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  70 2) ๋ฐฑ์ œ ํ•œ์„ฑ๊ธฐ 71 (1) ๋‚จ์–‘์ฃผ ์žฅํ˜„๋ฆฌ ์œ ์  73 (2) ์šฉ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฆผ๋™ ์œ ์  75 (3) ํ’๋‚ฉํ† ์„ฑ 80 (4) ์ฃผ์›”๋ฆฌ, ์ž์ž‘๋ฆฌ, ์ฒญํ‰๋ฆฌ, ๊ตฌ๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ, ๋ณด์ •๋ฆฌ ์œ ์  84 (5) ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  85 2. ๊ฐ•์› ์˜์„œ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์œ ์กด์ฒด ์ถœํ†  ์–‘์ƒ 86 1) ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ 87 2) ๋ฐฑ์ œ ํ•œ์„ฑ๊ธฐ 90 3) ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  96 3. ์ž‘๋ฌผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์–‘์ƒ 97 IV. ์ž‘๋ฌผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ-๋ฐฑ์ œ ํ•œ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  103 1. ์ฝฉ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™” 104 1) ์ฝฉ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ์–‘์ƒ 105 2) ์ฝฉ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™” 112 2. ํŒฅ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™” 116 1) ํŒฅ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ์–‘์ƒ 117 2) ํŒฅ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™” 124 3. ์ž‘๋ถ€์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณธ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  128 V. ์ฒ ์ œ ๋†๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ-๋ฐฑ์ œ ํ•œ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  138 1. ์ฒ ์ œ ๋†๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ๋น„์œจ ๋ณ€ํ™” 138 1) ์‚ฝ๋‚  139 2) ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ดญ์ด 141 3) ์ฒ ๊ฒธ 145 2. ์ฒ ์ œ ๋†๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์†Œ์œ  ์–‘์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™” 149 1) ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ 149 2) ๋ฐฑ์ œ ํ•œ์„ฑ๊ธฐ 158 (1) ์˜์„œ์ง€์—ญ 158 (2) ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ง€์—ญ 165 (3) ํ•œ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์†Œ์œ  ์–‘์ƒ 174 3. ์ฒ ์ œ ๋†๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์†Œ์œ ์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์–‘์ƒ 175 VI. ๋ฐฑ์ œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ธฐ ๋†์—… ์–‘์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ 180 1. ๋†์—… ๋ณ€ํ™”์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋†์—… ์ „๋žต์˜ ํŠน์ง• 180 1) ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  180 (1) ์ง€์—ญ์ , ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™” 180 (2) ๋†์—… ์ „๋žต 187 2) ์ฒ ์ œ ๋†๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์†Œ์œ  191 (1) ์ง€์—ญ์ , ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™” 191 (2) ๋†์—… ์ „๋žต 194 3) ๋†์—… ์ „๋žต์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์  ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์ฑ„ํƒ ๋งฅ๋ฝ 198 2. ๋†์—… ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์›์ธ 209 1) ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 209 2) ์ „๋ฌธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์œ ํ†ต ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 210 3) ๊ณ„์ธตํ™”์˜ ์‹ฌํ™” 213 3. ๋ฐฑ์ œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ธฐ ๋†์—… ์–‘์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ยท์ •์น˜์  ์˜๋ฏธ 218 VII. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  226๋ฐ•

    (The) influence of difficulties in nasal breathing and the effect of adenoidectomy on the dentofacial morphology

    No full text
    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋น„ํ˜ธํก์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ตฌํ˜ธํก์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜ธํก์–‘์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋‘๋ถ€ยทํ•˜์•…๊ณจ ๋ฐ ํ˜€์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฏ€๋กœ ์น˜์—ด์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ์กฐ์ง๊ฐ„์— ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋˜ ํž˜์˜ ํ‰ํ˜•์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •๊ตํ•ฉ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ์ €์ž๋Š” ์ธ๋‘ํŽธ๋„ ์ค‘์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋น„ํ˜ธํก์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋ฉด๊ณจ๊ฒฉ, ํ˜€ ๋ฐ ์น˜์—ด์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์ธ๋‘ํ์‡„ ์•„๋™ 56๋ช…๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ น๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ •์ƒ์•„๋™ 50๋ช…์˜ ๋‘๋ถ€๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๊ณ„์ธก์‚ฌ์ง„๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ณ„์ธกํ•ด์„œ ๋‘ groups๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ„์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์ธ๋‘ํŽธ๋„ ์ ˆ ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  1๋…„ํ›„์— 30๋ช…์„ ๋‚ด์›์‹œ์ผœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  1๋…„ํ›„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ •์ƒ์•„๋™ 30๋ช…์˜ 1๋…„ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง์„ฑ์žฅ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „์•ˆ๋ฉด ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ›„์•ˆ๋ฉด๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋„๋ฉด์ ์ด ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜€ ๋ฐ ์„ค๊ณจ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ•˜์•… ์ค‘์ ˆ์น˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋„๋Š” ๋‘ groups๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ƒ์•…๋Œ€๊ตฌ์น˜๊ฐ„ ํญ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ƒํ•˜์•…์†Œ๊ตฌ์น˜๊ฐ„ ํญ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๊ตฌ์น˜๋ถ€ ๊ต์ฐจ๊ตํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2. ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธกํ•ญ๋ชฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง์„ฑ์žฅ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ์ƒ์•…์น˜์—ด๊ถ ํญ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์ „์•ˆ๋ฉด๊ณ ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ˆ๋ฉด๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ธธ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋„๋ฉด์ ์ด ์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ˜€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜€์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋ฉด ์ƒ์•…์น˜์—ด๊ถํญ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์น˜๋ถ€ ๊ต์ฐจ๊ตํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 3. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์˜ 1๋…„ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  1๋…„ํ›„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง์„ฑ์žฅ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „์•ˆ๋ฉด ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ํ›„์•ˆ๋ฉด ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ์˜ 1๋…„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  1๋…„ํ›„์— ๊ธฐ๋„์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜€์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๊ณ  ์ƒํ•˜์•… ์ค‘์ ˆ์น˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ƒ์•…์น˜์—ด๊ถํญ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ overbite์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of difficulty in nasal breathing due to hypertrophic adenoid vegetation on craniofacial skeleton, tongue and dentition by using the cephalometric and cast analysis. Two groups of the subjects were chosen for the purpose : the experimental group consisted of 50 children having problems with nasal breathing and the control group consisted of 50 children of similar ages with normal occlusion and no nasal obatructive symptoms, The study also surveyed the effect of adenoidectomy by comparing the one year difference between pre- and past operative findings with normal growth findings in each 30 subjects randomly selected from the experimental and the control grouts. The results obtained from the study were as fellows : 1. The experimental group showed vertical growth pattern of madible, increase in the anterior facial height and decrease in the posterior facial height, smaller sagittal depth of the airway, lower tongue position and lower hyoid bone. No significant difference was observed between the two grouts in the axis of upper and lower incisors, but the experimental group was observed to show decrease in the width of upper arch and increase in the rate of cross-bite manifestation. 2. The correlation analysis of the data indicated that vertical growth pattern of mandible wart in the inverse ratio to the width of upper arch, but in proportionate with anterior facial height and palatal vault. It was also observed that, the longer the facial height is and the narrower the airway width is, the lower the tongue position becomes, which tends to cause the contraction of upper arch and cross-bite. 3. The comparison between the one year growth difference of the control group and the one year difference of pre- and poet adenoidectomy subjects showed decrease in vertical growth pattern of mandible in the experimental group. The latter group wart also observed to show decrease in the anterior facial height, and increase in the posterior facial height, in the sagittal depth of the airway, in the width of upper arch and in overbite, along with lavioversion of the upper and lower incisors and normalization of the tongue positionrestrictio

    Household waste collecting system and disposal space in detached and multiplex house areas

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณตํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์‘์šฉ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ๋ฐ•์†Œํ˜„.์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐํ•œ ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ๋”๋””๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋…, ๋‹ค์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ฃผํƒ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ 60๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•ด ์˜ค๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ข์€ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ‰์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋…, ๋‹ค์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ฃผํƒ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง‘ ์•ž์˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ™”์›์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์†์ˆ˜๋ ˆ๋กœ ๋ชจ์•„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋…, ๋‹ค์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ฃผํƒ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•ด ๋†“๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ง‘ ์•ž์— ๋†“๋Š”, ๋ฌธ์ „์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ก€๋กœ ์ œ์ •ํ•ด ๋†“์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผโ€˜์•”๋ฌต์  ๊ฑฐ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ํ˜•ํƒœโ€™๋กœ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง‘ ๋ฌธ ์•ž์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ ๋์˜ ์ฝ”๋„ˆ์— ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์› ์•ž ๋“ฑ์— ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋…, ๋‹ค์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ฃผํƒ ์ง€์—ญ ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Š์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ •์ฑ…์ ์ธ ์ œ์•ˆ๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ˆ์ „์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํฐ ์‹คํšจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋…, ๋‹ค์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ฃผํƒ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณจ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ‰์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€ํ˜•์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฐจ์šฉ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๋‹จ๋…, ๋‹ค์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ฃผํƒ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง€๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ํ•ด์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์ž์™€ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ์ž, ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‹จ๋…, ๋‹ค์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ฃผํƒ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ œ์•ˆ์€ ์•”๋ฌต์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๊ฐ๋„์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ํ˜•์‹์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ œ์•ˆ, ๊ณต๊ณตํ–‰์ • ์ œ์•ˆ, ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ์‹œ์„ค ์ œ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ , ํ–‰์ •์ , ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ œ์•ˆ์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋…, ๋‹ค์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ œ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋ณด์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์„ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณตํ–‰์ • ์ œ์•ˆ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ์‹œ์„ค ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์ž์˜ ์พŒ์ ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์œ ์ง€์™€ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ์ž์˜ ๋ฌธ์ „์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ผ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์ผ์—๋งŒ ๊น”๋”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฒญ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณจ๋ชฉํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ๋‹คResearch and development on the laws related to household waste and disposal of collected waste have brought Korea's waste policy to the world level. However, the research and development of the system and method for collecting household waste is slow. Even though discharging household waste in front of the house is set as ordinance, the residents are throwing the garbage as 'tacit collecting form'. They are left in the corner of the end of the alley, or in front of a public park, not in front of the door of their house. We conducted depth research and interviews on the collection of household waste in terms of residents, collectors, and community living environment, how the household waste was disposed, collected and harmed the residential environment in detached and multiplex house areas Seoul. As a result of observation and analysis, detached and multiplex house areas require new collection space and management system of municipal waste. The new proposal is a combination of multiple proposals, suggesting a new direction of improvement of the system in the form of official point collection, beyond the 'tacit collecting form'. Proposals at the urban level, proposals at the administrative level and proposals at the physical level are combined. Proposals on the urban level are to set up household waste management zones for detached and multiplex house areas. Proposals on the administrative level are to ensure compensation and punishment. Physical proposals are to realize the abovementioned proposals. It is expected to contribute to urban landscape by creating managed alley and residential environment.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 2 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 3 2.1 ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 3 2.1.1 ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3 2.1.2 ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 5 2.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ์„ค์ • 5 2.2.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 5 2.2.2 ์•”๋ฌต์  ๊ฑฐ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์˜ 6 ์ œ3์žฅ ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ์ •์ฑ… 10 3.1 ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๋‹จ๋…, ๋‹ค์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ฃผํƒ์ง€ ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ์ •์ฑ… 10 3.1.1 ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ณผ์ • 10 3.1.2 ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ์ •์ฑ… ์ง€์นจ 13 3.2 ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ์ด์™ธ ๋‹จ๋…, ๋‹ค์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ฃผํƒ์ง€ ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ์ •์ฑ… 15 3.2.1 ๊ตญ๋‚ด 15 3.2.2 ๊ตญ์™ธ 19 3.3 ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ„ ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋น„๊ต 21 3.3.1 ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ 21 3.3.2 ๋‹จ๋…, ๋‹ค์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ฃผํƒ 22 3.4 ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ณ„ ์žฅ๋‹จ์  ๋น„๊ต 25 3.4.1 ๋ฌธ์ „์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ 25 3.4.2 ๊ฑฐ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ 27 ์ œ4์žฅ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 29 4.1 ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์š” 29 4.1.1 ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ์„ ์ • 29 4.1.2 ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ํ–‰์ • ์ง€์นจ 29 4.2 ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 31 4.2.1 ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ 31 4.2.2 ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ์ž 34 4.2.3 ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์ž 47 4.3 ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 53 4.3.1 ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„์„ 53 4.3.2 ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ„์„ 56 ์ œ 5์žฅ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ์„ ์•ˆ 58 5.1 ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ œ์•ˆ 59 5.1.1 ๊ฑฐ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ๋ จ 59 5.1.2 ๊ฑฐ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ์‹œ์„ค ์ด์šฉ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ง€์ • 59 5.2๊ณต๊ณตํ–‰์ • ์ œ์•ˆ 61 5.2.1 ์„ธ๊ธˆํ˜œํƒ 61 5.2.2 ๋‹จ์† 62 5.3์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ์‹œ์„ค ์ œ์•ˆ 62 ์ œ 6์žฅ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ์‹œ์„ค 63 6.1 ๊ฐœ๋… 63 6.2 ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์„ธ ์„ค๋ช… 64 6.2.1 ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 64 6.2.2 ํ•˜๋‹จ๋ถ€ 65 6.2.3 ์ƒ๋‹จ๋ถ€ 68 6.3 ์‹คํ–‰ 71 6.3.1 ์‹œ์ œํ’ˆ ์ œ์ž‘ 71 6.3.2 ์‹œ์ œํ’ˆ ์„ค์น˜ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๋™ 73 6.4 ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 77 6.4.1 ํ•œ๊ณ„ 77 6.4.2 ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 78 ์ œ 7 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  79 7.1 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  79 7.2 ์˜์˜ 83 7.2.1 ๋‹ค๊ฐ๋„ ์ œ์•ˆ 83 7.2.2 ๋„์‹œ์žฌ์ƒ 83 7.2.3 ๋„์‹œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ 84 7.3 ํ•œ๊ณ„ 84 7.3.1 ์‹คํ–‰์ธก๋ฉด ํ•œ๊ณ„ 84 7.3.2 ๋„์‹œ์ธก๋ฉด ํ•œ๊ณ„ 84Maste

    The Effects of Syntactically Visualized Text Reading on English Reading Comprehension of Middle School Students in Korea

    Get PDF
    This study investigated the effects of reading syntactically visualized text format on EFL learners reading comprehension. Visual-syntactic text formatting (VSTF) technology was used to analyze underlying English syntactic structures and transform linear text format into hierarchically structured format. Korean middle school students (Grade 8, n = 95) participated in this 15-week classroom experiment. A pretest-posttest analysis showed that VSTF groups had significantly higher scores on the reading comprehension test over controls who used linearly formatted conventional text (p < .01). This result was similar across low and high proficiency students. The results from the questionnaire demonstrated that VSTF groups were able to parse sentences into bigger chunks than controls at a statistically significant level at the level of .01. In addition, VSTF groups preferred VSTF reading and the reading instruction with it, believing that VSTF is helpful for improving their English reading skills
    • โ€ฆ
    corecore