Seasonal Variations in PM_(10) and Associated Chemical Species in Jiuxian Mountain in Fujian Province

于2011年3月~2012年1月期间在福建德化县九仙山气象站采集大气了PM_(10)样品,分析了九仙山大气PM_(10)中水溶性离子及二元羧酸,; 对其季节分布与来源进行了探讨。结果表明,九仙山大气PM_(10)、水溶性无机离子和有机二元羧酸的季节分布规律较为接近,都表现为春季的浓度显著高于; 其它季节,但9种二元羧酸对PM_(10)的贡献(0.51% 0.41%)显著低于水溶性离子(18.07 %; 8.73%)。其中,水溶性离子组成以NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)的浓度为最高,其次为Na~+和NH_4~+;阴离子与阳离子当量浓度、NH_4; ~+与SO_4~(2-)当量浓度,以及NH_4~+与NO_3~-当量浓度之间都存在显著正相关关系。有机二元羧酸的组成以乙二酸的浓度为最高,占测量; 二元羧酸总量的75%左右,且随碳数增加呈逐渐递减趋势;来源特征比值(丙二酸/丁二酸、己二酸/壬二酸)、MODIS火点图及后向轨迹图显示,有机二元; 羧酸主要来自大气二次化学反应过程,生物质燃烧的直接贡献很小。PM_(10) samples were collected at the top of Jiuxian Mountain in Fujian; Province from March 2011 to January 2012 and were analyzed for inorganic; water-soluble ions and dicarboxylic acids to investigate their seasonal; variations and sources. The results showed that PM_(10) and its; associated species exhibited much higher levels in the spring than those; in other seasons but the total contribution of the nine species of; dicarboxylic acids to PM_(10) (0.51% 0.41%) was significantly lower; than that of the water-soluble ions (18.07% 8.73%). The water-soluble; ions were characterized by the highest concentrations of SO_4~(2-) and; NO_3~-,followed by Na~+ and NH_4~+. Significant positive correlations; were observed between cation and anion equivalents,as well as between; NH_4~+ and SO_4~(2-) or NO_3~-equivalents. Individual dicarboxylic acid; showed a monotonically decreasing trend with increasing carbon number in; which oxalic acid accounted for approximately 75% of the total; dicarboxylic acids. Characteristic ratios of malonic acid to succinic; acid and adipic acid to azelaic acid,MODIS fire spots,and backward; trajectories showed that dicarboxylic acids mainly originated from; secondary reactions in the atmosphere and that the direct contributions; of open biomass burning to dicarboxylic acid concentrations were; negligible.国家自然科学基金项目; 国家重点研发计划项目; 福建省自然科学基金计划资助项

Analysis of Defects in the Clinical Specimens and Observation on Effect of Process Reengineering

目的 对临床标本送检流程进行改进,规范标本的储存和运送流程,以降低临床标本的不合格率。方法 成立标本流程再造团队,统计2014年1—12月及2015年1—12月的不合格的检验标本,绘制标本采集运送流程,分析临床标本送检的流程,对存在的缺陷环节进行分析,进而制定改进措施,对标本的采集、标本的存储、交接及运送进行流程优化再造。对比再造流程前后标本送检的不合格率。结果 标本不合格率由2014年的2.73‰下降至2015年的2.12‰（P〈0.01）。结论 对临床标本运送流程进行分析改进,有效降低标本不合格率,提高标本管理的有效性,确保医疗护理安全。Objective To improve the procedure of clinical specimen delivery, standardize the storage and delivery of specimens, so as to reduce the disqualification rate of clinical specimens. Methods Specimen reengineering team was established, and unqualified specimens from January to December 2014 and January to December 2015 were collected. Drawing specimen collection and transportation process, and the existing defects were analyzed, then the improvement measures are made. The process of specimen collection, specimen storage, hand over and delivery was optimized. The unqualified rate of the sample before and after the reconstruction process was compared. Results The rate of unqualified specimens declined from 2.73%0 in 2014 to 2.12‰ in 2015 （P 〈 0.01）. Conclusion The analysis and improvement of clinical specimen delivery process can effectively reduce the rate of specimen failure, improve the effectiveness of specimen management, and ensure the safety of medical care

Characteristics of inorganic ions and organic components in PM_(2.5) from biomass burning

为探讨生物质在明火和阴燃两种不同条件下PM_(2.5)及主要成分的排放差异,选取了7种具有代表性的生物质样品(小麦、水稻、马尾松叶、马尾松枝、杂; 草、玉米、棉花)进行了燃烧实验,并对PM_(2.5)样品中的7种主要水溶性离子(Na~+、NH_4~+; 、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Cl~-、NO_3~- 、SO_4~(2-))及有机碳(OC) 、元素碳(EC) 、水溶性有机碳(WSOC); 、有机酸和左旋葡聚糖(LG)等有机成分进行了分析.结果表明,明火和阴燃条件下PM_(2.5)的排放因子分别为2.82~ 7.74; mg·g~(-1)和3.24~ 22.56; mg·g~(-1),阴燃时的排放因子偏高,不同燃料类型也存在一定差异.燃烧排放PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子以Cl~-为最高,占总离子的比例为72; %~; 94%,且与NH_4~+存在显著正相关关系,水溶性离子整体表现为明火条件下的浓度显著高于阴燃条件下的浓度.受阴燃条件下氧气不足的影响,PM_(2; .5)中有机组分的浓度表现为阴燃高于明火,进而导致阴燃时PM_(2.5)的排放因子增加.水稻秸秆燃烧烟尘中3种来源特征比值(LG/PM_(2.5; )、LG/OC和LG/WSOC)仅为小麦和玉米秸秆燃烧排放相应比值均值的0.34、0.24和0.27倍,表明在不同农作物的收获季节采用上述特征比; 值进行生物质燃烧来源估算时,应区别对待.Seven kinds of biomass samples including masson pine needles and; branches,wheat,rice,grass,maize and cotton straw were burned under; flaming and smoldering conditions to investigate the emission factors of; PM_(2.5) and its associated major components including organic carbon; (OC), elemental carbon,water soluble ions,water soluble organ carbon; (WSOC),organic acids and levoglucosan (LG). The results showed that the; emission factors were in the range of 2.82 ~ 7.74 mg·g~(-1) and 3.24 ~; 22.56 mg·g~(-1) for PM_(2.5) from biomass burning in flaming and; smoldering conditions, respectively. The difference between the two; burning conditions varied in different kinds of biomass fuel. The; profiles of water soluble ions in PM_(2.5) were all dominated by; Cl~-,accounting for 72%~ 94% of the total water soluble ions.; Significant positive correlations were only observed between Cl~-and; NH_4~+. The concentrations of water soluble ions were generally higher; in flaming PM_(2.5) than those in smoldering PM_(2.5). The organic; components showed much higher levels in smoldering PM_(2.5) with respect; to those in flaming PM_(2.5) because of incomplete burning. The higher; emission factors of PM_(2.5) under smoldering conditions were mainly due; to the higher emission factors of organic species. Three source; characteristic ratios including LG/PM_(2.5),LG/OC and LG/WSOC in rice; straw burning PM_(2.5) were only 0.34,0.24 and 0.27 times of the mean; ratios in wheat and maize straw burning PM_(2.5),respectively.; Thus,different characteristic ratios are required to estimate biomass; burning contribution in different biomass burning seasons.国家自然科学基金; 国家重点研发计划; 福建省自然科学基金计划项

Development and Application of Micro-Electro-Mechanical System

【中文文摘】微机电系统是在微电子技术基础上产生和发展起来的多学科交叉的前沿科学研究领域 ,是面向 2 1世纪的高新科技 .介绍了微机电系统产生的背景影响、组成特征和基础研究内容 ,综述了微机电系统技术基础所涉及的材料、微机械设计和模、微细加工技术以及微封装与测试等领域 ,并对微机电系统的应用、典型的微器件、国内外的发展现状及前景进行全面分析 .在此基础上 ,论述了MEMS技术目前存在的问题和未来发展的趋势 【英文文摘】Micro-Electro-Mechanical System(MEMS) developes on the basis of microelectronics.It is a scientific researches frontier of multi-disciplines and a high technology in the 21st century.This paper presents the background,characteristics and basic research.The principal techniques of MEMS such as material,design and simulation,micromachining,packaging and testing are reviewed,Typic microapparatus,application prospect and the state-of-art of MEMS are also discussed in this paper.Furthermore,some points of view of developing on MEMS in the future are put forward

The overview of rapid prototyping technique

【中文文摘】在研究快速原型技术发展历史和现状的基础上,介绍了快速原型制造的基本原理,重点介绍几种发展较成熟的RP技术的基本原理,分析RP技术的特点,并探讨其应用价值和发展前景,提出了目前发展快速成型的基本观点和未来发展趋势。 【英文文摘】Based on the history and development of rapid prototyping technique,the principles of Rapid Protyping(RP),especially several developed techniques,are introduced.The characteristics of RP techniques are analyzed and the opinions about future development tendency and prospect are put forward.福建省自然基金项目(k32014);; 国家留学回国人员基金资助项目(k3003

The Application of PLC in Pneumatic Control Electrode Board Cutting Machine

【中文文摘】本文详细阐述了气动控制系统、光电检测、可编程控制器在气动电极板剪切机中的应用。 【英文文摘】The pneumatic control system,optoelectronic detection system,the application of PLC in pneumatic control electrode board cutting machine was introduced in detail

暹罗鳄多肽粉的营养成分分析

以暹罗鳄(Crocodylus siamensis)肉为原料,采用胰蛋白酶酶解,通过喷雾干燥工艺得到暹罗鳄多肽粉.分析该多肽粉对实验小鼠无不良反应,表明暹罗鳄多肽粉是无毒的.暹罗鳄多肽粉的成分分析结果显示,其蛋白质质量分数达74.3%,总糖和脂肪质量分数分别仅为1.24%和1.89%,氨基酸种类齐全,其人体需要量最大的赖氨酸和亮氨酸含量较多.同时其对人体有益元素含量从高到低依次为K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu.应用基质辅助激光解吸附飞行时间质谱法(MALDI-TOF-MS)分析了暹罗鳄多肽粉分子质量的分布范围,结果显示,暹罗鳄多肽粉分子质量主要集中在1 000~1 300 u.这些结果显示暹罗鳄多肽粉是一种高蛋白、低糖、低脂的功能性保健食品,具有很高的开发潜力

Simulation Study of the Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Sugar Alcohols from Biomass Burning

选择水稻、小麦、玉米及棉花秸秆与马尾松枝,采集模拟燃烧时排放的PM2.5,分析PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHS)和糖醇类化合物的含量,获得PM2.5及负载的两类化合物的排放因子;采用500 W汞灯直接照射收集了PM2.5的尘膜,获得了中、高环PAHS及左旋葡聚糖的光解动力学.结果表明,PM2.5的排放因子介于(2.26±0.60)g·kg-1(马尾松枝)~(14.33±5.26)g·kg-1(玉米秸秆)之间;19种PAHS的排放因子介于(0.82±0.21)Mg·kg-1(马尾松枝)~(11.14±5.69)Mg·kg-1(棉花秸秆)之间,且以4环类PAHS所占比例最高,介于51%~71%之间(其中马尾松枝燃烧时惹烯的排放因子最大);9种糖醇类化合物的排放因子范围为(52.34±50.16)Mg·kg-1(水稻秸秆)~(238.81±33.62)Mg·kg-1(小麦秸秆),且都以左旋葡聚糖占绝对优势(72%~96%).光照模拟显示,目标化合物的光照损失都遵循拟一级动力学,其中≥4环的PAHS的光解速率常数随着尘膜中PAHS的负载量增大而减小,来源特征比值fluA/(fluA+Py)和IP/(IP+bg P)相对稳定,而左旋葡聚糖的光解速率常数为0.004 5 MIn-1,与苯并[A]蒽的光解速率常数(0.004 1~0.005 0 MIn-1)接近.To measure the emission factors of PM2.5and its associated PAHs and sugar alcohols,Chinese red pine stick and four crop straw including rice,wheat,corn and cotton were burned in a chamber.In addition,the kinetics of certain compounds were obtained through the irradiation of the glass filters with PM2.5loading by 500 W mercury lamp.The emission factors of PM2.5were ranged from( 2.26 ± 0.60) g·kg- 1( Chinese red pine stick) to( 14.33 ± 5.26) g·kg- 1( corn straw).Although the emission factors of the total19 PAHs differed from( 0.82 ± 0.21) mg·kg- 1( Chinese red pine stick) to( 11.14 ± 5.69) mg·kg- 1( cotton straw),4 ring PAHs showed predominance over other PAHs accounting for 51%-71% except Chinese red pine in which retene was the predominant compound.The emission factors of 9 sugar alcohols were ranged from( 52.34 ± 50.16) mg·kg- 1( rice straw) to( 238.81 ± 33.62)mg·kg- 1( wheat straw) with levoglucosan accounting for 72%-96% of the total sugar alcohols.Both the selected PAHs and levoglucosan associated with PM2.5followed the first order kinetics.The photolysis kinetic coefficient of PAHs( ring number≥4) was decreased with the increase of PAHs loading in filters.Two PAHs source characteristic ratios such as Flua /( Flua + Py) and IP /( IP +Bg P) were relative stable during the irradiation.The photolysis kinetic coefficient of levoglucosan( 0.004 5 min- 1) was comparable to benzo[a]anthracene( 0.004 1-0.005 0 min- 1).国家自然科学基金项目(41171365); 环境保护公益性行业科研专项(201009004); 厦门大学山海基金项目(2013SH011

Research and development in the reactive systems of wet oxidation abroad

［中文文摘］简要介绍湿式氧化反应系统的应用历史、反应机理及动力学特征,以及该反应系统的设计及现有反应设备的特点、工业化中面临的难题等。重点介绍了国外主要的已工业化的湿式氧化反应系统,并针对不同反应系统在反应设备、操作条件、处理效果等方面的特点进行比较总结。在小结湿式氧化反应系统研究应用现状的基础上提出了今后研究开发的方向。［英文文摘］The history and the reactive mechanism and kinetic properties of wetoxidation processes were (introduced), and a general description of wet oxidation (processes) was given, including the features of reactors and the (design) of related reactive systems, practical problems, etc. By reviewing the commercial experiences of wet oxidation (processes) grouped as two types for further introduction, namely, non-catalytic wet oxidation process and catalytic wet oxidation process, several main commercial reaction systems abroad were focally introduced, in which the characteristics of reactors, operating conditions and treating efficiency of each type of reactive system were generalized and compared. The further research and development work were suggested

中药沐足结合护理干预治疗护理人员下肢静脉曲张的效果观察

目的探讨中药沐足结合护理干预在下肢静脉曲张护士中的应用效果。方法选取某三甲综合性医院患有下肢静脉曲张的临床护士60例为研究对象,应用随机数字表法分为两组,各30例。两组研究对象均行基础护理,对照组采用医用的循序减压弹力袜进行治疗,观察组实施中药沐足结合护理干预措施。2个月后比较两组患者疗效。结果观察组研究对象静脉曲张恢复总有效率高于对照组,观察组研究对象经过3个疗程的治疗,痊愈12例,显效l3例,有效4例;对照组分别为痊愈5例,显效8例,有效9例;观察组、对照组临床治愈率和总有效率分别为40.00%、96.67%和16.67%、73.33%。差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论中药沐足结合护理干预可以改善下肢静脉曲张的临床症状。福建中医药大学2016年临床专项校管课题(XB2016085