论中国古典小说典型人物的艺术风貌

中国古典小说不描写人物的心理流程，不直接揭示环境对人物性格的影响，作家往往寓褒贬于笔墨之外，其所塑造的人物，宛如我们周围的人。我们熟悉他们，但不一定了解他们

元明清文学作品选教学的实践与思考

《古典文学作品选》的教学,培养同学对古典文学作品的阅读、欣赏、分析能力,同时,也为文学史的教学作准备。它和文学史、文学理论等课程的教学,决定了中文系学生基本的专业能力,因而是中文系的一门主干课程。 《古典文学作品选》教学的第一个问题,是篇目的确定。古典文学作品浩如烟海,穷毕生之力,也无法通读,而课程教学的时数有限,这就必须精选篇目。精选篇目的原则,一是必须兼顾各种文体、流派、风格;二是必须考虑作品的质量。简言之,即必须选择各种文体、各种流派、各种风格的有代表性的优秀作品。这样做了,如是要能达到举一返三的教学效果,学生就能比较从容地独立地去分析各种类型的文学作品。现在综合性大学中文系《古典文学作品选》的教学,一般采用朱东润主编

论专利许可使用权的性质——兼评《专利法实施条例修订草案》第15条与第99条

专利许可使用权性质的比较法分析表明专利许可使用权具有排他效力与对抗效力。在属性归类上应该属于类用益物权或无体物用益权。我国《专利法实施条例》中有关专利许可使用权效力的规定,不甚科学,应做必要调整。国家知识产权局软课题《专利许可问题及许可费收取问题研究》的部分成果;项目编号:SS08-A-1

宏观经济学的经验研究方法:校准与估计之争

本文分析了校准方法兴起的背景,基于方法论的角度厘清了校准方法与估计方法之间的逻辑关系,探讨了校准方法与估计方法争论的本质及其融合发展的趋势。分析表明,校准方法和估计方法的出发点是完全背离的,二者对模型优劣的评判标准和对模型现实性的看法大不相同。校准和估计方法各有其优缺点,也面对共同的难题。校准和估计方法都在努力寻找支配经济现象背后的运行规律,但从方法论的角度看,正是对经济运行规律寻求方式的不同导致它们之间存在着本质的差异。从发展趋势上看,校准和估计方法将在动态随机一般均衡的分析框架下获得更为深入的融合发展。教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目(项目批准号13JZD010); 福建省社会科学规划一般项目(项目批准号:2013B181); 中央高校基本科研业务费项目(项目号:T2013221017); 厦门大学国际经济与贸易系教育发展基金(项目号:201112106

DEGRADATION OF METHAMIDOPHOS BY MANGROVE SOIL MICROBES

连续 3年 (a)的试验结果表明 :红树林土壤微生物对农药甲胺磷有较强的降解能力 ,其降解率是同潮带无红树林土壤微生物的 2 - 3倍 ;红树林土壤中存在着降解甲胺磷的优势细菌类群 ,从中筛选得一株高效降解菌 ,其降解率可达 70 %以上 (12d后 ) ;混合菌的降解能力优于单株菌 ;优势降解菌在一定浓度的甲胺磷、适宜的通气、温度和光照等条件下 ,可发挥更佳的降解作用 ;在降解过程中 ,降解优势细菌类群有着明显菌群变化 ,那种一直占优势的菌株可选育为“工程菌” ;红树林土壤微生物具有多功能的环境效应和经济效益 .图 5表 5参 4Degradation of methamidophos by mangrove soil microbes was studied for successive three years. The results indicated: ① Mangrove soil microbes had a better ability of methamidophos degradation, and their degradation rate is 2～3 times higher than that of non-mangrove soil microbes. ② There were some dominant populations in mangrove soil, from which a high efficient strain was isolated; the degradation rate of the strain might be as high as 70% (after 12 days), however, the rate of mixed bacteria was higher than that of single strain. ③ The dominant bacteria had stronger degradation ability under a certain concentration of methamidophos, adaptive ventilation, temperature, and light . ④ The obvious changes of strains in dominant populations could be observed during the course of degradation, of which the "engineering strain” can be sifted out of the dominant strains from beginning to end. ⑤ Multiple environmental effects and economic benefits could be further verified in mangrove soil microbes as well. Fig 5, Tab 5, Ref

Pseudo static test for pre-cast segmental bridge columns with dry joints

为了比较节段拼装桥墩与整体现浇桥墩之间抗震性能的差异,以是否存在预应力钢筋、不同施工方法、预应力筋的位置和粘结状态、是否存在耗能钢筋等为试验参数,设计了一个包含五种不同构造类型混凝土桥墩的试验方案。采用拟静力试验方法比较分析了这五种不同构造类型混凝土桥墩的破坏形态、易损部位、荷载位移滞回曲线、节段拼装桥墩接缝的开展、拟静力残余位移、曲率分布、耗能能力、粘滞阻尼比等,得到了三种节段拼装桥墩、整体现浇钢筋混凝土桥墩和预应力混凝土桥墩之间拟静力行为的异同。试验结果表明:节段拼装桥墩在循环荷载作用下发生接缝的交替开闭,曲率变化集中在接缝附近,没有发生整体现浇混凝土桥墩通常出现的塑性铰现象。耗能钢筋的存在可以延缓接缝的张开,增加构件的极限弯矩和耗能能力,从而有利于增加抗震能力;采用无粘结预应力钢筋和有粘结预应力钢筋连接的节段拼装桥墩的拟静力残余位移比较小,而采用耗能钢筋的节段拼装桥墩的拟静力残余位移较大,基本上与整体现浇桥墩的拟静力残余位移相近。The similarities and differences of a seismic performance between a pre-cast segmental bridge column and a cast-in-place bridge column were investigated with a test project including five kinds of concrete bridge columns.Prestressed tendon,construction methods,arrangement and bonded state of prestressed tendons,and additional energy-dissipating bar were selected as test variables.Through the pseudo static test of the five kinds of concrete bridge columns,the development rules of failure mode,failure area,load-displacement hysteretic loops,opening of segmental joints,residual displacement,distribution of curvature,energy dissipation ability,and viscous damping ratio were gained.The experimental results showed that the segmental column experiences opening-closing between segmental interfaces under cyclic loading;the change of curvature focuse on the area of the segmental interfaces;the segmental bridge column has no plastic hinge mechanism at the bottom of the column,as commonly seen in conventional reinforced concrete bridge columns;the addition of energy dissipating bars crossing the joint can delay the gap opening,increase the strength and the hysteretic energy dissipation of the column,it certainly helps anti-earthquake;the residual displacement of the segmental bridge column with bonded or unbonded prestressed tendons is less,and the segmental bridge column with energy-dissipating bars has bigger residual displacement,it is close to that of a cast-in-place bridge column.国家自然科学基金项目资助(50508032);上海市优青专项科研基金(YYY09007

Microorganism resource of mangrove ecosystems

随着工业的迅猛发展,工业废料源源不断地向海洋输出,污染日趋严重。人们在大力开发海洋微生物自净能力的同时,也对海岸线的绿色卫士———红树林给予了密切关注,积极展开红树林区微生物资源的开发利用。本文从红树林区微生物库的资源多样性、微生物在物质循环和能量流动中的作用、生理活性物质、代谢产物和污染治理等几个方面进行综述。 【英文摘要】 With the rapid development of industry,more and more industrial waste is constantly exported to the ocean which causes serious pollution problems.Researchers are paying more attention to the mangrove,the important guard of the coastline,and the exploitation of mangrove microorganism resource has been expanded in many aspects,as well as developing the self-clean ability of ocean microorganism.This review summarized the diversity of mangrove microorganism resource,the role of microorganism in material recycle...国家自然科学基金资助项目(30270272)

Abiogenous azotobacter on the body of Caloglossa leprieurii growing in Kandelia candel mangrove forest in Jiulongjiang estuary of Fujian Province

初步研究了福建九龙江口秋茄(Kandelia candel)红树林红藻鹧鸪菜(Caloglossa leprieurii)藻体异养自生固氮菌数量的季节变化和微生物区系。结果表明:鹧鸪菜上异养自生固氮细菌数量以春季最多(1.033×104cfu.g-1),冬季最少(0.567×104cfu.g-1),固氮菌的季节变化模式表现为春季>秋季>夏季>冬季;鹧鸪菜藻体氮含量也以春季最高(22.08g.kg-1),冬季最低(16.63g.kg-1),二者差异显著(Pautumn>summer>winter.The nitrogen concentration of C.leprieurii also had the same seasonal pattern,being the highest in spring(22.08 g·kg-1)and the lowest in winter(16.63 g·kg-1),which was closely related to the growth and matter accumulation of the seaweed.There was probably a kind of special cooperative relation between the azotobacter and the seaweed,which was influenced simultaneously by the environmental factors such as temperature,water,and others.The preliminary identification of isolated nine strains azotobacter showed that they were belonged to Azotobacter or Beijerinckia.国家自然科学基金资助项目(30270272

Microbial Study of Mangrove Soil at Dongzhai Harbor in Hainan.

Three groups of microbial amount of mangrove soil at Dongzhai harbor in Hainan were studied.The results show as follows:①Mean amount of soil bacteria in Kandelia candel forest and Bruguiera sexangula forest is 4 87×10 7 and 7 55×10 7〔ind·(g.dry soil) -1 〕 respectively,which is higher than that of controlled mudflat without mangrove forest〔1 22×10 7ind·(g.dry soil) -1 〕;②The amount of bacteria at layer of 10-20cm is the most in three layers of 0-10、10-20 and 20-30cm;③Mean amount of soil bacteria in Bruguiera sexangula forest is higher than that in Kandelia candel forest;④The amount of bacteria is related to the amount and distribution of plant residue and litter;⑤Filamentous fungi and actinomyces are not found out by normal isolation methods,which is perhaps related to least amount and special habitat of local mangrove soil.国家教委高校湿地研究中心专项经费资助项

Biochemical characters of forest soils at Wuyishan Mountain.

研究了武夷山自然保护区森林土壤生化特性.结果表明，不同生境土壤呼吸作用、纤维分解作用和硝化作用等3项生化强度有明显差异，先峰岭（常绿阔叶林）＞大竹岚（毛竹林）.同一生境中的不同小生境3项生化强度的差异也很显著，尤其是呼吸作用强度，落叶层＞腐殖层＞土壤层；纤维分解作用强度，腐殖层＞落叶层＞土壤层；硝化作用强度，土壤层＞落叶层＞腐殖层.无论那一种生境3项生化强度之间，呼吸作用强度与纤维分解作用强度有一定相关性，而硝化作用强度与前两项未显示相关.不同生境土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和蛋白酶等活性显著不同，大竹岚＞先峰岭.同一生境中的不同小生境3种酶活性随土壤剖面深度而降低；蔗糖酶是各生境中活性最大酶类，变化较剧；纤维素酶和蛋白酶则活性较小，变化较缓和.Studies on the biochemical characters of forest soils in Wuyishan Mt.Natural Reserve show that the rates of soil respiration, cellular decomposition and nitrification differed obviously with habitats.Soils under broad leaved evergreen forest ( Castanopsis eyrei ) at Xianfengling had higher rates than those under moso bamboo forest ( Phyllostachys heterocyca var. pubescens ) at Dazhulan.The three rates at each habitat also significantly differed with microhabitats: for respiration rate, litter layer>humus layer>soil layer; and for nitrification rate, soil layer>litter layer>humus layer; for cellular decomposition rate, humus layer>litter layer>soil layer.Among the three rates at each hibitat, there existed a definite relationship between respiration rate and cellular decomposition rate, while the nitrification rate was independent of the other two.The activities of sucrase, celluase and proteinase varied with different habitats, which were higher at Dazhulan than at Xianfengling, and decreased with increasing soil depth.Among the three enzymes, sucrase had the highest activity at all microhabitats, and the variation of its activity was greater.福建省自然科学基金;武夷山自然保护区管理局资助项