C–X(X = Cl, Br, I) bond dissociation energy as a descriptor for the redispersion of sintered Au/AC catalysts

负载型Au基催化剂在工业过程中具有非常广泛的潜在应用,如催化加氢/脱氢过程、精细化学品合成、能源催化转化及环境保护等过程,表现出很高的催化活性和选择性.Au基催化剂活性物种或活性中心基本由纳米粒子或化合物构成,但在应用过程中因Ostwald熟化效应或粒子迁移作用,尤其是高温高压等苛刻反应条件下,均随应用时间延长从小尺寸粒子逐渐长为大粒子,造成活性降低或完全失活,这也是负载型催化剂失活的最主要原因之一.其中因成本、稀缺等特性,负载型Au催化剂的烧结问题是影响和制约其应用的主要因素.除可通过载体改性、助剂和官能团配位稳定等方法来延缓其失活过程外,对已烧结催化剂的高效、快捷和绿色的再分散/再生过程也具有基础和应用研究的重要意义.活性炭载Au催化剂(Au/AC)广泛应用于乙炔氢氯化反应中,以期替代高毒性的汞基催化剂,但在反应过程中因高活性的Au~(3+)物种易被还原而形成Au~0物种进而烧结导致失活;如新鲜Au/AC催化剂表面的Au粒子尺寸为1-2 nm,经乙炔氢氯化反应后变为33 nm左右;随之在453 K、0.1 MPa、乙炔体积空速(GHSV)为600 h~(-1)、氯化氢与乙炔摩尔比为1.1的反应条件下,乙炔转化率从81.8%降至11.2%.如何有效对大粒子Au再分散/再生可为其应用提供有力支撑.有研究表明,气相CHI_3在甲醇羰基化反应过程中明显改变Au/AC表面的Au粒子尺寸;或采用浓盐酸或王水也可将烧结的Au/AC催化剂进行再分散/再生.但已有的Au基催化剂再分散/再生过程均伴随着强酸、强氧化或高毒性在分散剂的应用,对环境的影响及后续处理有明显的局限性,且再分散机理尚不明确.在前期工作基础上,本文采用系列卤代烃(碘代烃、溴代烃和氯代烃)对烧结的Au/AC进行再分散/再生研究.结果表明,在室温常压条件下CHI_3可以快捷高效地对烧结Au/AC催化剂进行再分散/再生,具有最优的再分散性能;通过对系列碘代烃C-I键的解离能分析,发现C-I解离能越低越有利于大粒子Au的再分散.同时,溴代烃和氯代烃对烧结的Au/AC催化剂也具有再分散能力,但比碘代烃的再分散效率低.C-X键的解离能与再分散效率有高相关性,即C-X键的解离能越低越有利于Au的再分散.总体上,三类卤代烃再分散效率高低顺序为C-I>C-Br>C-Cl.进而,通过不同分散过程中Au粒子分散状态推测了卤代烃对Au粒子的再分散机理,即卤代烃先在Au粒子表面化学吸附,然后C-X键解离,形成Au-X物种,小粒子Au在AC表面聚集并稳定,最后形成高分散Au粒子(粒径<1 nm)催化剂.以乙炔氢氯化反应考察了再生Au/AC催化剂性能,结果表明,该催化剂上乙炔转化率可达79.4%,基本恢复至初始水平,且该方法可对失活催化剂进行多次高效再生.Disintegration or redispersion of supported sintered gold nanoparticles(Au NPs) in the presence of alkyl halide can give catalyst regeneration or redispersion of sintered Au catalysts. The selectivity of alkyl halides, temperature and size distributions were investigated to elucidate the redispersion of Au NPs during halide-induced decomposition. This study proved that the alkyl halide induced the redispersion of sintered Au NPs which depended on the R–X(X = I, Br, Cl) bond dissociation energy(BDE) and thus provided a simple descriptor for the regeneration of inactive supported Au cata-lysts. A correlation between the BDE of R–X and dispersion efficiency was established. The tendency for disintegration and redispersion followed the R–X BDE of the alkyl halide. Compared to alkyl chlorides and bromides, iodides were more efficient for redispersing sintered Au NPs. As a descriptor, the BDE of R–I played a crucial role in particle redispersion. These findings provided insights into the mechanism of organic halide-induced Au NP disintegration and the effect of the halide type on the redispersion of sintered catalysts.国家自然科学基金(21403178,21473145,21503173,91545115);; 教育部创新团队发展计划(IRT_14R31);; 福建省青年教师教学科研基金(JA15003

Copy Theory in the Minimalist Program

This article proposes a property of Copy in the minimalist program which we can take to be incorporated into the computational system for human language C_. I show how this property of Copy accounts for a subject/object asymmetry. I also show that this property gives an elegant theoretical grounding for the accounts of the relations of pronouns and their antecedents which are provided in Kayne (2002)

金属离子对锯缘青蟹NAGase活力的影响

本文研究了几种金属离子对锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)活力的影响.其结果表明:Li+、Na+和K+对酶活力没有明显影响,Mg2+、Ca2+和Ba2+对该酶均有激活作用,激活程度依次为Ca2+>Ba2+>Mg2+.A l3+、Fe3+、Cd2+、Pb2+和Hg2+对该酶具有一定的抑制作用,2.0μmol/dm3的Hg2+可以使酶活力完全丧失.Co2+对酶的效应是先激活后抑制,Mn2+对酶仅有轻微的激活作用.Cd2+和Fe3+对锯缘青蟹NAGase的抑制作用都呈竞争性-反竞争性混合Ⅱ型效应,Cd2+的抑制常数KI和KIS分别为23.9、5.0 mmol/dm3,Fe3+的抑制常数KI和KIS分别为395.5、135.6μmol/dm3.KI>KIS,说明酶-底物络合物(ES)与抑制剂的亲和力比游离酶(E)与抑制剂的亲和力大

インドネシア バリトウ ニオケル コドモ ノ エイヨウ ジョウタイ ト ハツイク モンダイ

St. Andrew\u27s University has conducted fifteen anual work camps in Bali, Indonesia. Through the camps, we have constructed care facilities to accommodate 120 junior and senior high school students, and have interacted with 2,OOO children and youths. A total of 400 Japanese students participated in the camps, and most of them noted that children in Bali are unusually tall and thin. Imai, a St. Andrew\u27s nurse who participated in the fourteenth and fifteenth camps, wondered about the nutritional status and physical growth of children in Bali. She suspected that the disproportionate height and thinness of the Bali children is due to poor nutritional conditions, resulting in insufficient growth. Hayashi and Imai initiated the current study as a means of providing preliminary proof of this hypothesis. For this study, we used the data from physical examinations of 96 pupils in an elementary school attached to the Bali Protestant Christian Church, since comprehensive data for all students in Bali were not available. We compared the data with those of school health statistics collected by the Japanese Ministry of Education in 1950 and 1999. Items compared were height,weight, growth, and growth index. The results revealed that pupils in Bali develop more erratically and proportionately less than Japanese pupils in terms of both height and weight. In addition, only half of the Bali pupils showed a normal obesity index, and the rest were either "thin" or "very thin" due to their non?nutritious diet． Due to the limited data availabie ，a complete analysis of the Bali children was not possible in the current study ．In the near future we hope to collect more data and attempt a total analysis by means of hemanalysis and by examining the correlation between diet and height and weight

锯缘青蟹N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶在甲醛溶液中的失活动力学研究

研究甲醛对锯缘青蟹N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase EC 3.2.1.52)活力的影响,结果表明:随着甲醛浓度的增大,酶活力呈指数下降,导致酶活力下降50%的甲醛浓度(失活半衰期,IC50)为0.60 mol/L.酶在低浓度甲醛溶液中的失活过程显示为可逆失活.用底物反应动力学方法考察酶在甲醛溶液中的失活动力学,测定游离酶(E)和酶-底物络合物(ES)在甲醛溶液中失活的微观速度常数,并比较游离酶(E)和酶-底物络合物(ES)的正向反应的微观失活速度常数k+0>k′+0,表明底物对酶被甲醛的失活作用有一定的保护作用.正向的失活速度常数k+0和k′+0随着甲醛浓度的增大而增大,而逆向的速度常数k-0随着甲醛浓度的增大而减小,表明随着甲醛浓度的增大,酶变性越来越快,而活力恢复越来越难

丙酮对锯缘青蟹N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶活力与构象的影响

以丙酮为效应物,研究其对锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)N-乙酰--βD-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)活力的影响,结果表明:该酶的剩余活力随着丙酮浓度增大而呈指数下降,当丙酮浓度达25%,酶的剩余活力仅为20%,说明丙酮对青蟹NA-Gase有明显的失活作用.导致酶活力丧失50%的丙酮浓度为7.5%.在较低丙酮浓度(<10%)的失活是可逆的反应过程.动力学研究表明,该酶的失活过程属于混合型,并进一步测定游离酶(E)和酶底物络合物(ES)与丙酮的结合常数(KI和KIS),分别为4.06%和10.49%,KI<KIS,说明底物存在对酶被丙酮的失活作用有一定的保护作用.应用荧光发射光谱研究青蟹NAGase经丙酮微扰后的分子构象变化情况,结果表明:丙酮对酶分子构象有显著的影响,酶的内源荧光强度随丙酮浓度增大而降低,说明酶分子中的生色基团Trp和Tyr残基的微环境发生了变化