大嘗会の作り物 : 標の山の起源と性格

大嘗会の際に設けられる標の山は、日本の作り物の起源に関わるものとされ、主として民俗学の分野からその意義が注目されてきた。しかしその歴史や実態については、いまだ未解明の点も多い。本稿では、まず平安初期の標の山が中国風の装飾を凝らした大規模なものであったことを確認した上で、『万葉集』に見られる八世紀半ばの歌群から、新嘗会の標の山が、同様な中国風の作り物であったことを指摘する。大嘗会は本来新嘗会と同一の祭りであり、七世紀末に分離されて独自の意味をもつようになったとされるが、そうした経緯からすれば、この種の作り物が、当初から中国的な色彩の濃いものであったことも容易に推定できる。そのことを傍証するのが、和銅元年（七〇八）の大嘗会の状況であって、それを伝えた『続日本紀』の天平八年（七三六）の記事は、作り物の橘が金銀珠玉の装飾とともに用いられていたことを示している。従って、大嘗会の標の山は、大嘗会の成立に近い時点で中国的な性格を持っていたわけで、その特色はおそらく大嘗会の成立時点にまで遡るであろう。このように見ると、標の山は神の依り代として設けられたもので、本来簡素な和風のものであったが、次第に装飾が増え中国化したとする通説には大きな疑問が生じる。そこで改めて標の山の性格を考えると、その起源は、すでに江戸時代以前から一部で言われてきたように、儀式進行上の必要から設けられた標識にあり、それが独自の発展を遂げたものと解すべきである。なお、大嘗会の標の山について、その形態をうかがわせる史料は限られているが、元慶六年（八八二）の相撲節会に用意された標の山に関しては、菅原道真が作った文から詳細が判明し、大きさや装飾が大嘗会のものと類似していたことがわかる。この文についての従来の読みには不十分な点があるので、改めて訓読を掲げ参考とした。The hyo-no-yama (shime-no-yama) erected when the Daijo-e Festival takes place is believed to be related to the origins of tsukuri-mono (models, fabricated things) in Japan and attention has been paid to it its significance mainly in the field of folklore studies. However, there are many facts about its history that remain unknown. This paper confirms that in the early Heian Period hyo-no-yama were large-scale copies of Chinese style decorations and I also suggest that the hyo-no-yama of the Shinjo-e that is mentioned in a collection of poems from the mid 8th century that appear in the Man\u27yoshu (Anthology of Poems) were the same kind of tsukuri-mono made in the Chinese style. The Daijo-e Festival was originally the same festival as the Shinjo-e and it is thought that they diverged and came to have their own meanings around the end of the 7th century. Viewed from the perspective of these circumstances one may easily conjecture that from the beginning this kind of tsukuri-mono was imbued with a strong Chinese flavor. This is corroborated by the circumstances of the Daijo-e that took place in 708 AD which are mentioned in a 736 entry in the Shoku Nihongi (Chronicles of Japan) that shows that fabricated mandarin oranges were used together with decorations of gold and silver jewels. Consequently, given that the hyo-no-yama of the Daijo-e Festival possessed a Chinese character at a point near the establishment of the Daijo-e, this characteristic is most likely to date back to the time when the Daijo-e Festival was established. This calls into question the accepted theory that holds that since hyo-no-yama were erected as a medium or symbol for the spirit of kami (yori-shiro) they were originally a simple Japanese style object that took on a Chinese flavor as they gradually became more and more decorative. Considering the character of the hyono-yama in this new light we may conclude that as has been articulated in some quarters even prior to the Edo Era, they were signs that were erected owing to the necessities of the progression of rituals, which developed independently.Although materials that provide a description of the form of the hyo-no-yama in the Daijo-e Festivals are limited, there is a clear description of the hyo-no-yama prepared for the Sumai-no-Sechie held in 882 in the writings of Sugawara-no-Michizane, from which we learn that in terms of size and decoration they resembled those used in Daijo-e Festivals. Because previous readings of this text contain a number of insufficiencies, reference was made to it in this instance by providing a Japanese reading of the text.一部非公開情報あ

The effect of sympathetic skin response (SSR) with increasing heated stimulus intensity

本研究は，刺激強度の違いによる生体への影響を検索する目的で，3段階の熱刺激強度を設定し，それらが自律神経系におよぼす影響を交感神経皮膚反応（SSR）を指標に検討した．対象は健常人5名で，各被験者の閾値温度を基にその30，60，90％となる温度を熱刺激として設定し，刺激なしの場合とこれらの熱刺激を加えた場合のSSR波形振幅を検討した．結果，各条件におけるSSR波形振幅は個人差が認められたが，各被験者とも熱刺激強度が増すほど振幅は大きくなり，特に痛みとして認識する強度では，この変化が著しかった．したがって，熱刺激強度が増すにつれ交感神経活動が促進され，特に生体に対する侵害刺激では，その影響が著しくなると考えられた．Aiming at clarifying the influences of various strengths of stimuli on human body, three different of heat stimuli were used investigate their effects on the sympathetic skin response (SSR) in the autonomic nervous system. As the subjects, five healthy adults were used and the threshold temperature of each subject was determined. Based on the respective threshold, the temperatures corresponding to 30, 60 and 90% of the threshold were given to each subject as heat stimuli and the amplitudes of SSR waves were measured. Then, the differences in the amplitude were compared between the conditions with and without the stimuli. The present results showed that there were significant differences in the amplitude of SSR wave among individuals and the amplitude became larger as an increase of the strength of stimulus. The amplitude change was remarkable, especially for the stimuli recognized as a pain. Therefore, it was thought that heat stimulus might enhance the activities of sympathetic nerve system as an increase of its strength and those effects of noxious stimuli might be marked

Gastric Metastasis from Renal Cell Carcinoma : Two Case Reports

Gastric metastasis from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a very rare event and treatment for such patients has not been established. We report two cases of gastric metastasis from RCC. The first case was in a 67- year-old man with a past history of right radical nephrectomy for RCC (ypT3aN0M0) six years ago. The whole-body computed tomography (CT) revealed multiple lung nodules. We performed gastrointestinal endoscopy to find the primary lesion, and detected multiple submucosal tumors in the gastric body. Needle biopsy of these tumors revealed gastric metastasis from RCC. Oral sorafenib tosylate therapy was started. Twenty months later, gastrointestinal endoscopy showed only gastric erosion without malignant evidence. The second case was in a 70-year-old man complaining of epigastralgia. He had undergone right partial nephrectomy for RCC (pT1aN0M0) six years ago, and thoracoscopic wedge resection of a solitary lung nodule one year ago. Gastrointestinal endoscopy detected a solitary hyperplastic polyp in the anterior wall of the gastric body. Needle biopsy of this polyp revealed gastric metastasis from RCC. We performed laparoscopic partial gastrectomy. Gastrointestinal endoscopy and CT showed no evidence of metastasis or recurrence for 14 months after gastrectomy

Potentiation of Anticancer Activity of G2/M Blockers by Mild Hyperthermia

Background/Aim: Hyperthermia (HT), combined with chemotherapy, has been used to treat various types of cancer. This study aimed to investigate the HT-sensitivity of malignant and non-malignant cells, and then evaluate the combination effect of docetaxel (DTX) and a newly synthesized chromone derivative (compound A) with HT. Materials and Methods: The number of viable cells was determined using the MTT method. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed using a cell sorter, and DNA fragmentation pattern was detected using agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: Among 12 cultured cells, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), especially Ca9-22 cells, and myelogenous leukemia cells showed higher sensitivity to HT than lung carcinoma and glioblastoma cell lines, while normal oral cells were the most resistant. Cytotoxicity of DTX on Ca9-22 cells was maximum at 41-42°C and 45~60 min exposure to HT. DXT, compound A, and HT induced G2/M arrest of Ca-22 cells. Mild HT enhanced the DTX- and compound A-induced subG1 arrest, in a synergistic fashion. Conclusion: The combination G2/M blockers and mild-HT can potentially be used for the treatment of OSCC.This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 international license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)

Observation results by the TAMA300 detector on gravitational wave bursts from stellar-core collapses

We present data-analysis schemes and results of observations with the TAMA300 gravitational-wave detector, targeting burst signals from stellar-core collapse events. In analyses for burst gravitational waves, the detection and fake-reduction schemes are different from well-investigated ones for a chirp-wave analysis, because precise waveform templates are not available. We used an excess-power filter for the extraction of gravitational-wave candidates, and developed two methods for the reduction of fake events caused by non-stationary noises of the detector. These analysis schemes were applied to real data from the TAMA300 interferometric gravitational wave detector. As a result, fake events were reduced by a factor of about 1000 in the best cases. The resultant event candidates were interpreted from an astronomical viewpoint. We set an upper limit of 2.2x10^3 events/sec on the burst gravitational-wave event rate in our Galaxy with a confidence level of 90%. This work sets a milestone and prospects on the search for burst gravitational waves, by establishing an analysis scheme for the observation data from an interferometric gravitational wave detector