中国草地资源的现状分析

中国草地面积广阔,自然资源丰富,准确评估草地资源既是合理开发和利用草地的基础,也对生态环境的保护具有重要意义.但是,关于中国草地面积、生产力和承载力等本底数据至今为止尚没有系统的梳理.本文收集、整理了过去几十年来我国草地资源研究的各类数据,并利用1982~2011年的遥感影像(NOAA/AVHRR-NDVI)和气候数据重新估算了我国天然草地生物量和生产力及其近30年的变化.由于草地的定义、数据来源和分析方法不同,现存资料对中国天然草地面积的估算差异很大,变动范围达2倍以上(1.67×10~6~4.31×10~6 km~2),这些资料也表明,我国目前的天然草地面积在2.80×10~6~3.93×10~6 km~2之间比较合适.草地生物量的估算值也存在显著差异,平均地上生物量在79~123 g m~(-2)之间,但本文对最近30年(1982~2011年)天然草地地上生物量的重新估算结果为178 g m~(-2),在此期间平均每年增加0.4 gm~(-2).我国天然草地平均净初级生产力的估算差异更大,为89~320 g Cm~(-2)a~(-1)(平均176 g Cm~(-2) a~(-1)),但许多研究都发现近年来有增加趋势.而基于过去30年平均气候估算,我国天然草地的潜在生产力可高达348 gCm~(-2) a~(-1).另一方面,我国人工草地面积比较小,约为2.09×10~7 hm~2,但生产力高,可达天然草地的2.7~12.1倍.由于我国对天然草地缺乏有效管理,加上人工草地的比例低,目前我国草地对放牧家畜的承载力比较低,很多地方的超载现象较为严重,平均超载率估计为20%.此外,降水的不足始终是影响我国草地生物多样性、生物量和生产力的重要因素,进一步探讨气候变化和过度放牧等人为活动对我国草地资源的数量和质量的影响是十分必要的

Nearshore FADs in Solomon Islands: monitoring their effectiveness and cost-benefit. Report to Solomon Islands Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources as part of the New Zealand funded MSSIF programme

The Solomon Islands government through the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources (MFMR) has identified the deployment of nearshore FADs as one of their priority activities for inshore marine resource management. From 2010-2013 the New Zealand funded MSSIF (Mekem Strong Solomon Island Fisheries) programme funded WorldFish to implement a nearshore FAD project “Developing a Solomon Islands National Inshore FAD Programme” in partnership with MFMR with the aim of collecting the information needed to develop a Solomon Islands inshore FAD implementation plan for the Ministry. This report summarises the findings from that study

种植密度对苜蓿生长及生物量的影响

种植密度作为影响作物产量和品质的重要因素,会造成植物对于光照、水分和养分的竞争。为研究种植密度对苜蓿生长与产量的影响,在日光温室环境下,以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)为材料,设置25、100、400、800、1 500、2 000株·m~(–2),共6个种植密度,对紫花苜蓿的种群密度和生长状况进行了观测。结果表明,各处理播种后15天的平均种植密度分别为25、100、373、745、1 255、1 938株·m~(–2);随着紫花苜蓿的生长,除了低密度(25、100株·m~(–2))处理没有发生植株数量的变化外,其余4个密度处理植株数量均有所减少,即发生不同程度的自疏,至第二茬收获时(播种后第187天)种群数量分别减少为297、571、759、839株·m~(–2)。植株个体的株高、基径和分枝数量随着现存密度的增加呈指数下降;个体生物量与现存密度的关系满足竞争密度效应的幂函数关系,即随着密度的增加而减小。紫花苜蓿单位面积地上生物量符合最终产量恒定法则,然而,随着密度的增加,地下生物量有先增加后减小的趋势

JUNO Sensitivity on Proton Decay p→νˉK+p\to \bar\nu K^+ Searches

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this paper, the potential on searching for proton decay in $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ mode with JUNO is investigated.The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits to suppress the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ is 36.9% with a background level of 0.2 events after 10 years of data taking. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years exposure is $9.6 \times 10^{33}$ years, competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel

JUNO sensitivity on proton decay p → ν K + searches*

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this study, the potential of searching for proton decay in the $p\to \bar{\nu} K^+$ mode with JUNO is investigated. The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits suppression of the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via $p\to \bar{\nu} K^+$ is 36.9% ± 4.9% with a background level of $0.2\pm 0.05({\rm syst})\pm$$0.2({\rm stat})$ events after 10 years of data collection. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years of exposure is $9.6 \times 10^{33}$ years, which is competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel and complements the use of different detection technologies