打造小而有效的政府——日本规制改革的回顾与评析

二战后的日本,在政府主导的经济发展模式下,创造了"东亚奇迹",同时也使日本成为一个规制大国。随着国内泡沫经济的破裂和全球经济一体化的驱动,日本政府启动了一系列的规制改革来处理政府与市场的关系,向以市场为导向的经济发展模式转变。日本规制改革先后经历了行政审批精简、放松规制和规制改革3个阶段,通过设置结构改革特区,启动市场化改革,实施"国民参与"等举措,有效推动了日本规制改革的进程,但仍面临多元官僚制的制约,利益集团的寻租,流于形式的规制影响评估等问题。通过系统回顾和梳理日本规制改革的演进,可以发现日本规制改革在改革机制设计、建构法律体系、完善参与机制、重视社会性规制等方面,均为我国推动国家治理体系和治理能力现代化提供了有价值的启发和借鉴。国家自然科学基金“作为一种国家治理新方式的合约制:机制设计与有效性检验”(71473210

澳大利亚战略政策研究所网络安全领域研究及对 中国智库的启示

摘要：[ 目的 / 意义 ] 自《关于加强中国特色新型智库建设的意见》发布以来，国内学者对西方 知名智库进行了全面、深度的研究，取长补短，积极发展中国特色新型智库，但对除欧美之外的 智库研究较少。因此笔者以澳大利亚权威智库澳大利亚战略政策研究所（ASPI）为研究对象，介绍 了 ASPI 在网络安全与信息化领域的研究成果，为我国智库的发展提供借鉴。[ 方法 / 过程 ] 本文主 要使用了文献调研和网络调研的研究方法，介绍了 ASPI 的发展历程，梳理了近年来其在新兴科技 领域的研究成果。[ 结果 / 结论 ] ASPI 共有 7 大研究领域，主要包括国防战略与国家安全、反恐、 国际网络政策、国际计划、风险与应变、北部与澳大利亚安全以及战略警务和执法计划。在新兴科 技领域，ASPI 极为关注与中国的合作和竞争关系研究。ASPI 在人员流动与合作机制、国际交流与 合作、社交媒体利用等方面的经验值得国内智库学习和借鉴。</p

水飞蓟素固体分散体的制备及5种成分的溶出度

目的制备水飞蓟素固体分散体,并评价5种成分的溶出度。方法以F68与PVPk30为联合载体,溶剂熔融法制备固体分散体。再考察联合载体比例、药物-载体比例对水飞蓟宾、异水飞蓟宾、水飞蓟宁、水飞蓟亭、花旗松素溶出度的影响。结果最佳条件为联合载体比例1∶3,药物-载体比例1∶5。固体分散体中5种成分的溶出度显著高于原料药和物理混合物(水飞蓟素-载体)中。结论固体分散体可显著提高水飞蓟素中有效成分的溶出度。福建省自然科学基金项目(2015J01491

Identification of Colorants in Food by Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Wavelet-based Reverse Search

使用金纳米粒子为增强因子的表面增强拉曼光谱技术,通过连续小波变换将拉曼光谱信号转化到小波空间(墨西哥帽小波作为小波基)。该步骤能够减轻信号中基线; 变化及随机噪音的影响并找到峰位置和最佳小波尺度系数。依据小波空间中的信息,对混合物光谱及标准谱光谱进行反向搜索得到反向搜索匹配系数(Revere; match quality,; RMQ),作为判断混合物中目标成分是否存在的依据。该算法可对混合物中的目标物质进行准确定性,并已成功应用于多种食品中色素鉴定。食品中色素的检出率; 达到99%,且结果稳健,其效果明显优于传统的命中质量系数法(Hit quality index,; HQI)。这证实了小波空间反向搜索方法是一种快速而准确的拉曼光谱定性算法。In this study, a gold nanocrystal colloid was used as the enhancement; factor for surfaceenhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Raman spectra were; transformed by continuous wavelet transform (CWT),and Mexican hat; wavelet were chosen as the wavelet basis. This procedure could be used; to alleviate the influence of baseline variations and random noise,and; find peak positions and the best scale wavelet coefficients of signal.; Reverse search method was proposed to compare the spectrum of an unknown; sample with a spectrum of standard using the information in wavelet; space. Reverse match quality (RMQ) could be obtained automatically to; determine whether a substance is present. It was used to identify; colorants in a variety of food successfully. The colorants could be; identified with 99 percent accuracy. It shows a better performance; compared with traditional hit quality index (HQI). The study confirmed; that the wavelet-based reverse search is feasible and accurate in; qualitative analysis.国家自然科学基金资助项目; 国家重大科学仪器设备开发专

普鲁兰基肿瘤靶向性纳米粒子的制备、稳定性和体外释放

背景:普鲁兰多糖以其独特的优点在纳米递药系统领域受到越来越多的关注,但是,以普鲁兰多糖为材料进行改性制备的肿瘤靶向的纳米药物载体仍有待进一步研究与开发。目的:观察纳米粒子和载药纳米粒子的体外稳定性及所包载药物的释放特征,初步评价其作为纳米药物载体的潜力。方法:应用透析法制备乙酰普鲁兰叶酸偶合体纳米粒子,以表阿霉素为模型药物,制备乙酰普鲁兰叶酸偶合体/表阿霉素载药纳米粒子(FPA/EPI),应用储存法考察其稳定性,应用透析袋法观测体外释放特征。结果与结论:乙酰普鲁兰叶酸偶合体纳米粒子和FPA/EPI的粒径分别为(204.2±10.9)nm和(273.4±11.0)nm,在蒸馏水和体积分数10%胎牛血清中表面电位均较低,乙酰普鲁兰叶酸偶合体纳米粒子在水溶液中粒径1年内未见显著改变。载药纳米粒子对所包载的药物表阿霉素进行很好地释放,pH5.0磷酸盐缓冲液中释放速度明显高于pH7.4;乙酰普鲁兰叶酸偶合体纳米粒子和FPA/EPI制备容易,稳定性好,初步说明了两种粒子可望成为新型肿瘤靶向药物递药系统

沿海产盐区与非产盐区妊娠期妇女碘营养状况及甲状腺功能水平分析

目的了解福建沿海产盐区与非产盐区妊娠期妇女碘营养状况及其甲状腺功能水平,为防治碘缺乏病提供科学依据。方法选择产盐区翔安区和非产盐区集美区为调查点,每个点随机抽取60名以上妊娠期妇女作为调查对象,采集孕妇的家中盐样、尿样及血样,分别测定盐碘、尿碘及血清甲状腺激素。结果产盐区与非产盐区孕妇合格碘盐食用率分别为81.69%和100.00%;产盐区与非产盐区孕妇尿碘的中位数分别为120.55μg/L和153.35μg/L,尿碘孕中期>孕晚期;产盐区与非产盐区孕妇的甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(thyroid peroxidase antibody,TPOAb),抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体(antithyroid glubulin antibody,TgAb),总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(total-triiodothyronine,TT3),总甲状腺素(total thyroxine,TT4),游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(free triiodothyronine,FT3),游离甲状腺素(free thyroxine,FT4),促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH),甲状腺球蛋白(tryroglobulin,Tg)中位数均在正常范围,产盐区与非产盐区孕妇的FT3、FT4、TSH之间差异均有统计学意义,产盐区孕妇的FT3、FT4均低于非产盐区,而产盐区孕妇的TSH则高于非产盐区。结论孕妇是易缺碘人群,产盐区孕妇相对非产盐区碘缺乏更为严重。应对孕妇开展常规碘营养和甲状腺功能监测,进一步做好碘营养知识的宣传教育工作,控制碘缺乏病的发生

Investigation on the iodine status among the population in rural and urban areas of Xiamen in 2013

目的了解碘盐新标准实施后农村和城市人群的碘营养现况,为有效落实科学补碘防控策略提供依据。方法在农村和城市调查点各抽取1个镇的1个村,在每个村采集自来水厂出厂水和末梢水各2份;抽取30户以上居民,采集各户家庭食用盐,用3日称量法测算各户居民人均食盐摄入量;抽取18-45岁成人50名以上,采集尿样。在抽中的镇随机选择8-10岁儿童(男女各半)、孕妇和哺乳期妇女各50名以上,采集尿样。测定盐碘、尿碘和水碘含量。结果农村和城市自来水末梢水水碘含量均值分别为4.5μg/L和6.0μg/L;居民人均每日食用盐摄入量中位数分别为7.0和5.6g;8~10岁儿童尿碘中位数分别为152.0和181.2μg/L;哺乳妇尿碘中位数分别为108.3和107.7μg/L;18-45岁成人尿碘中位数分别为121.1和147.4μg/L;孕妇尿碘中位数分别为116.0和112.2μg/L,尿碘含量低于150μg/L的比例分别达67.9%和64%;除农村人均每日食用盐摄入量高于城市,农村18-45岁成人尿碘水平低于城市外,其他指标农村和城市间差异无显著性。结论厦门市仍是缺碘地区,在现有碘盐标准下,8-10岁儿童、18-45岁成人、哺乳期妇女的碘营养处于适宜水平,但孕妇的碘营养不足,要开展针对孕期人群的碘营养监测和指导,杜绝碘缺乏所造成的危害。Objective To gain knowledge of the iodine status among the population in rural and urban areas after the implement of new standard for edible salt and to provide scientific evidence for the initiative of the iodine supplement strategy. Method 1 village / community was selected randomly from rural and urban area as research site respectively. 2 samples of treated water and tap water were collected respectively in both sites, 30 + houses were enrolled randomly and edible salt samples were collected. 3days weighed record was employed to estimate average salt daily intake. Urine sample was collected from 50 + adults aged from 18 to 45. Identical sample was also collected from 50 + children aged from 8 to 10( same amount of subjects in both genders),pregnant women, and lactating women respectively. Iodine level of water, salt, and urine was determined by laboratory assay.Results The iodine concentration of tap water in rural and urban areas was 4. 5 μg / L and 6. 0 μg / L,respectively. The median of average iodine intake in rural and urban areas was 7. 0 g and 5. 6 g, respectively. The median in urine iodine was 152. 0 μg / L and 181. 2 μg / L,respectively. This measurement in lactating women was 108. 3 μg / L and 107. 7 μg / L,respectively. And it was121. 1 μg / L and 147. 4 μg / L in adults aged 18 to 45, respectively. As for the pregnant women, the iodine level reached 116. 0μg /L and 112. 2 μg /L,respectively. The proportion of subjects has urine iodine level less than 150 μg /L reached 67. 9 % and 64 %, respectively. The average salt intake in rural area was higher than urban significantly, and the urine iodine level in adults aged 18 to 45 from rural area was significantly lower than urban. No significance was found in other comparison. Conclusion Through our investigation,Xiamen is still an iodine deficiency area. Under the implement of new edible salt standard, the iodine status in children aged 8 to 10, adults aged 18 to 45 and lactating women was adequate, however, we found that pregnant women enrolled in our study have iodine deficiency in some degrees. Therefore the iodine surveillance and dietary guidance should be performed among pregnant women to eliminate the harm caused by iodine deficiency

Identification of Irradiated Protein-rich Food by Dissociative Tyrosine

建立了高效液相色谱-游离酪氨酸法鉴定高蛋白含量辐照食品的方法。向经过辐照的高蛋白含量样品中加入0.1 MOl/l HCl,使细胞裂解并释放出游离酪氨酸,离心除去细胞碎片后,向上清液中加入80%丙酮并在-20℃下冰冻沉淀除去大部分蛋白,样品中的酪氨酸与三氟乙酸形成离子对后经C18色谱柱分离。在100~1 500μg/l质量浓度范围内,邻酪氨酸和间酪氨酸均具有良好线性,方法的回收率为61%~116%,定量下限(S/n≥10)为10μg/l。该法避免了蛋白质的水解,具有操作简便、测定准确等优点,能很好地区分未经辐照与经5 kgy以上剂量辐照的食品。A novel method was presented for identification of irradiated protein-rich food by HPLC with dissociative tyrosine.The procedure involved the homogenization of fresh sample with 0.1 mol/L HCl,followed by centrifugation to remove the cell debris and the solvent precipitation of protein with acetone at-20 ℃,then the tyrosine was separated by forming ion pair with trifluoroacetic acid on a C18 column.The average recoveries of the drugs ranged from 61% to 116% at the spiked levels of 100-800 μg/L.The method is simple and double-quick,and could be efficiently identified food sample irradiated at a dose of 5 kGy or above.国家质量监督检验检疫总局科研计划资助项目(2009IK183