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Observation of Geo-Neutrinos
Geo-neutrinos, electron anti-neutrinos produced in beta decays of naturally
occurring radioactive isotopes in the Earth, are a unique direct probe of our
planet's interior. We report the first observation at more than 3 C.L.
of geo-neutrinos, performed with the Borexino detector at Laboratori Nazionali
del Gran Sasso. Anti-neutrinos are detected through the neutron inverse beta
decay reaction. With a 252.6 ton-yr fiducial exposure after all selection cuts,
we detected 9.9^{+4.1}_{-3.4}(^{+14.6}_{-8.2}) geo-neutrino events, with errors
corresponding to a 68.3%(99.73%) C.L. From the profile, the
statistical significance of the Borexino geo-neutrino observation corresponds
to a 99.997% C.L. Our measurement of the geo-neutrinos rate is
3.9^{+1.6}_{-1.3}(^{+5.8}_{-3.2}) events/(100ton-yr). This measurement rejects
the hypothesis of an active geo-reactor in the Earth's core with a power above
3 TW at 95% C.L. The observed prompt positron spectrum above 2.6 MeV is
compatible with that expected from european nuclear reactors (mean base line of
approximately 1000 km). Our measurement of reactor anti-neutrinos excludes the
non-oscillation hypothesis at 99.60% C.L.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, 3 table
Legal Aspects of Participation of a Psychologist as a Specialist in Enforcement of Court Decisions in Parenting Cases (Part I)
The article provides an analysis of scientific sources, normative legal acts, instructive letters of Federal Bailiffs Service of Russia, the position of judges and practices on the execution of enforcement documents related with upbringing of children. A psychologist with the legal status of specialist is to be involved in this category of enforcement proceedings. Based on analysis, problems associated with the imperfection of separate legal norms were identified, as well as Insufficiently thought-over legal design of specialist status in enforcement proceedings were found. The authors make proposals on expanding the list of rights and toughening the responsibility of specialist in enforcement proceedings, as well as the proposal to provide a psychologist with right of making an acquaintance with the conclusion made by a forensic psychological or complex forensic psycho-psychiatric expertise. Based on the position of the judges and the absence of prohibition in carrying out of a special study made by a specialist in the enforcement proceedings, and the existing task for psychologist to evaluate psychological condition of a child, the authors conclude that the psychologist has the right to conduct a psychodiagnostic examination using scientific methods and techniques. The proposed measures to improve the legal norms are aimed to ensure a possibility of full and correct execution of adjudications on legal disputes related with upbringing of a child
Determination of the range of the spacecraft
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