Atypical Optic Neuritis

Optic neuritis (ON) is defined as inflammatory optic neuropathy. In its initial clinical appearance, ON can have unilateral or bilateral manifestation and anterior (papillitis) or retrobulbar localizations. Traditionally, they are divided into typical and atypical ON. In the western hemisphere, most optic nerve inflammations are associated with multiple sclerosis, in their typical form. However, ON can be associated with a series of disorders of unknown or known origin. Atypical ON has a somewhat different clinical picture from typical and encompasses neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease (NMOSD), idiopathic recurrent neuroretinitis (NR), chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuritis (CRION), ON within systemic autoimmune diseases, and neuritis during or after infectious diseases or vaccination. Their cause should be meticulously worked up, because of the therapeutic and prognostic challenges that they present

Analiza i primjena frekventne petlje zasnovane na obradbi ulazne i izlazne periode

This paper describes development, analysis, implementation and application of one recursive Frequency Locked Loop (FLL) based on the measurement and processing of the periods of the input and output signals. FLL is the linear discrete system of the first order, which regulates its output once per the input period. The FLL parameters are defined by the frequencies of three clocks. These frequencies have to be mutually in defined relationship for the stable FLL. FLL provides a wide range of properties useful for different applications. The stability and the other conditions, under which the described system can have the properties of a FLL, are investigated using the Z transform analyses. Using mathematical analyses and the simulations of this FLL it is shown that, for the corresponding system parameters, FLL possesses the power noise rejection ability. This FLL can also be used for the different predicting and tracking applications, for the measurements of the frequency of the input signal in the noise environments and for the other applications. The oscilloscope picture of the characterized input and output signals, recorded on the realized FLL, is presented.Ovaj rad opisuje razvoj, analizu, realizaciju i primjenu jedne rekurzivne frekventne petlje zasnovane na obradbi perioda ulaznog i izlaznog signala. Petlja predstavlja linearni diskretni sustav prvog reda koji korigira svoj izlaz jednom po ulaznoj periodi. Parametri petlje su definirani s tri frekvencije takta. Za stabilnu petlju ove frekvencije moraju biti u međusobno definiranom odnosu. Petlja posjeduje širok spektar karakteristika za različite primjene. Stabilnost i drugi uvjeti pod kojima opisan sustav ima osobine frekventne petlje, su analizirani korištenjem Z transformacije. Matematičkom analizom i simulacijom rada petlje je pokazano da za određene vrijednosti parametara, petlja osigurava moćno potiskivanje šuma. Petlja se također može koristiti za različite potrebe predikcije i praćenja signala, za mjerenja frekvencije ulaznog signala u prisustvu šuma i za druge primjene. Prikazan je osciloskopski snimak karakterističnih ulaznih i izlaznih signala, snimljenih na realiziranom modelu petlje

Photoperiodic regime influences onset of lens opacities in a non-human primate

Background Opacities of the lens are typical age-related phenomena which have a high influence on photoreception and consequently circadian rhythm. In mouse lemurs, a small bodied non-human primate, a high incidence (more than 50% when >seven years) of cataracts has been previously described during aging. Previous studies showed that photoperiodically induced accelerated annual rhythms alter some of mouse lemurs’ life history traits. Whether a modification of photoperiod also affects the onset of age dependent lens opacities has not been investigated so far. The aim of this study was therefore to characterise the type of opacity and the mouse lemurs’ age at its onset in two colonies with different photoperiodic regimen. Methods Two of the largest mouse lemur colonies in Europe were investigated: Colony 1 having a natural annual photoperiodic regime and Colony 2 with an induced accelerated annual cycle. A slit-lamp was used to determine opacities in the lens. Furthermore, a subset of all animals which showed no opacities in the lens nucleus in the first examination but developed first changes in the following examination were further examined to estimate the age at onset of opacities. In total, 387 animals were examined and 57 represented the subset for age at onset estimation. Results The first and most commonly observable opacity in the lens was nuclear sclerosis. Mouse lemurs from Colony 1 showed a delayed onset of nuclear sclerosis compared to mouse lemurs from Colony 2 (4.35 ± 1.50 years vs. 2.75 ± 0.99 years). For colony 1, the chronological age was equivalent to the number of seasonal cycles experienced by the mouse lemurs. For colony 2, in which seasonal cycles were accelerated by a factor of 1.5, mouse lemurs had experienced 4.13 ± 1.50 seasonal cycles in 2.75 ± 0.99 chronological years. Discussion Our study showed clear differences in age at the onset of nuclear sclerosis formation between lemurs kept under different photoperiodic regimes. Instead of measuring the chronological age, the number of seasonal cycles (N = four) experienced by a mouse lemur can be used to estimate the risk of beginning nuclear sclerosis formation. Ophthalmological examinations should be taken into account when animals older than 5–6 seasonal cycles are used for experiments in which unrestricted visual ability has to be ensured. This study is the first to assess and demonstrate the influence of annual photoperiod regime on the incidence of lens opacities in a non-human primate

Comparasion of injuries in alpine skiing and snowboarding at the recreational and competitive level

Alpsko skijanje i daskanje na snijegu su popularni zimski sportovi koji privlače sve veći broj entuzijasta. S porastom broja članova ovih sportova, povećava se i rizik od ozljeda. Početnici u ovim sportovima često su skloniji ozljedama zbog nedostatka iskustva i vještina u upravljanju opremom i tehnikama. Iako se oba sporta odvijaju na snijegu, razlikuju se po opremi i tehnikama kretanja, što može rezultirati različitim vrstama ozljeda. U alpskom skijanju, skijaš se kreće frontalno, dok je kod daskanja na snijegu smjer kretanja bočan, a pogled je usmjeren preko ramena. Ovo značajno utječe na raspored opterećenja na tijelu te može rezultirati specifičnim ozljedama. U alpskom skijanju, najčešće ozljede su ozljede donjih ekstremiteta, a u daskanju na snijegu, ozljede gornjih ekstremiteta. Cilj ovog rada je usporediti vrste ozljeda u alpskom skijanju i daskanju na snijegu kroz pregled dostupne literature i analizu prethodnih istraživanja. Osim toga, rad se fokusira na mehanizme nastanka ozljeda kako bi se razumjelo zašto dolazi do specifičnih ozljeda u svakom sportu. Kroz ovu usporedbu, cilj je pružiti smjernice i preporuke za prevenciju ozljeda kako bi se smanjio rizik od ozljeđivanja tijekom prakticiranja ovih popularnih zimskih sportova. Očuvanje fizičkog zdravlja sportaša ključno je za održavanje popularnosti i sigurnosti u alpskom skijanju i daskanju na snijegu.Alpine skiing and snowboarding are popular winter sports that attract an increasing number of enthusiasts. With the growing membershim in these sports, te risk of injuries also increase. Beginners in these sports are often more prone to injuries due to lack of experience and skills in handling equipment and techniques. Although both sports take place on snow, they differ in equipment and movement techniques, which can result in different types of injuries. In alpine skiing, the skier moves forward, while in snowboarding, the direction of movement is sideways, and the gaze is directed over the shoulder. This sifnificantly affects the distribution of stress on the body and can lead to specific injuries. In alpine skiing, the most common injuries are lower limb injuries, while in snowboarding, upper limb injuries are more common. The aim of this pape ris to compare the types of injuries in alpine skiing and snowboarding through a review of avaliable literature and analysis of previous studies. Furthermore, the study focuses on the mechanism of injury occurence to understand why specific injuries occur in each sport. Through this vomparasion, the goal is to provide guidelines and recommendations for injury prevention to reduce the risk of injuries during the practice of these popular winter sports. Preserving the physical health of athletes is crucial for maintaining the popularity and saftey of alpine skiing and snowboarding

Comparasion of injuries in alpine skiing and snowboarding at the recreational and competitive level

Alpsko skijanje i daskanje na snijegu su popularni zimski sportovi koji privlače sve veći broj entuzijasta. S porastom broja članova ovih sportova, povećava se i rizik od ozljeda. Početnici u ovim sportovima često su skloniji ozljedama zbog nedostatka iskustva i vještina u upravljanju opremom i tehnikama. Iako se oba sporta odvijaju na snijegu, razlikuju se po opremi i tehnikama kretanja, što može rezultirati različitim vrstama ozljeda. U alpskom skijanju, skijaš se kreće frontalno, dok je kod daskanja na snijegu smjer kretanja bočan, a pogled je usmjeren preko ramena. Ovo značajno utječe na raspored opterećenja na tijelu te može rezultirati specifičnim ozljedama. U alpskom skijanju, najčešće ozljede su ozljede donjih ekstremiteta, a u daskanju na snijegu, ozljede gornjih ekstremiteta. Cilj ovog rada je usporediti vrste ozljeda u alpskom skijanju i daskanju na snijegu kroz pregled dostupne literature i analizu prethodnih istraživanja. Osim toga, rad se fokusira na mehanizme nastanka ozljeda kako bi se razumjelo zašto dolazi do specifičnih ozljeda u svakom sportu. Kroz ovu usporedbu, cilj je pružiti smjernice i preporuke za prevenciju ozljeda kako bi se smanjio rizik od ozljeđivanja tijekom prakticiranja ovih popularnih zimskih sportova. Očuvanje fizičkog zdravlja sportaša ključno je za održavanje popularnosti i sigurnosti u alpskom skijanju i daskanju na snijegu.Alpine skiing and snowboarding are popular winter sports that attract an increasing number of enthusiasts. With the growing membershim in these sports, te risk of injuries also increase. Beginners in these sports are often more prone to injuries due to lack of experience and skills in handling equipment and techniques. Although both sports take place on snow, they differ in equipment and movement techniques, which can result in different types of injuries. In alpine skiing, the skier moves forward, while in snowboarding, the direction of movement is sideways, and the gaze is directed over the shoulder. This sifnificantly affects the distribution of stress on the body and can lead to specific injuries. In alpine skiing, the most common injuries are lower limb injuries, while in snowboarding, upper limb injuries are more common. The aim of this pape ris to compare the types of injuries in alpine skiing and snowboarding through a review of avaliable literature and analysis of previous studies. Furthermore, the study focuses on the mechanism of injury occurence to understand why specific injuries occur in each sport. Through this vomparasion, the goal is to provide guidelines and recommendations for injury prevention to reduce the risk of injuries during the practice of these popular winter sports. Preserving the physical health of athletes is crucial for maintaining the popularity and saftey of alpine skiing and snowboarding

Some parameters of the oxidative stress in lens, humour aqueous and serum of patients with diabetes and age-related cataract

Contemporary hypothesis considers the oxidative stress as a crucial event in age-related processes in the body, as well as in the age-related cataract formation. The secondary aging factors accelerate ageing processes. One of them is diabetes. With the aim of investigation of the noninsulin-dependent diabetes (Type II) influence on cataract genesis here were analyzed contents of the lipid oxidation products (lipid peroxides - LP) and total sulfhydryle groups (TSH) in the lens’ corticonuclear blocks and antioxidative capacity in their humour aqueous expressed as percent of induced malondyaldehyde (% iMDA) in 14 samples obtained from patients with cataract and diabetes mellitus type II (without diabetic complications) and compared to 66 samples of patients with cataract without diabetes, as well as some parameters of the oxidative stress in serums (content of vitamin C, acrobat - A dehydroascorbate - DA and their relation, vitamin E, glutathione - GSH peroxidase - P and catalase - Cat activity, content of malondyaldehyde - MDA and % iMDA) of 27 patients with age-related cataract and diabetes mellitus type II (without complications), and compared to the other 135 age-related cataract patients. Also were analyzed frequencies of the secondary senium diseases in a clinical group of 162 patients with cataract and sex and age matched 55 examined people without cataract, as a control group. Patients with diabetes and cataract have lower values of almost all investigated parameters of antioxidative defense in their serum and higher level of the lipid peroxidation products. Level of glutathione in their serums is significantly lower (p<0.05). Intensity of lipid peroxidation in corticonuclear lens blocks is higher in patients with diabetes, whereas their total sulfhydryle groups and % iMDA in humour aqueous shows lower antioxidant capacity in the same group, probably because of higher intensity of oxidative stress. Also, by investigation of frequencies of the secondary ageing diseases in patients with age-related cataract and age and sex matched control subjects, by a logistic regression was found high odds ratio (2.506) for diabetes. Results confirm hypothesis of the oxidative stress role in the age-related cataract genesis, and especially of patients with diabetes mellitus

Comparasion of injuries in alpine skiing and snowboarding at the recreational and competitive level

Alpsko skijanje i daskanje na snijegu su popularni zimski sportovi koji privlače sve veći broj entuzijasta. S porastom broja članova ovih sportova, povećava se i rizik od ozljeda. Početnici u ovim sportovima često su skloniji ozljedama zbog nedostatka iskustva i vještina u upravljanju opremom i tehnikama. Iako se oba sporta odvijaju na snijegu, razlikuju se po opremi i tehnikama kretanja, što može rezultirati različitim vrstama ozljeda. U alpskom skijanju, skijaš se kreće frontalno, dok je kod daskanja na snijegu smjer kretanja bočan, a pogled je usmjeren preko ramena. Ovo značajno utječe na raspored opterećenja na tijelu te može rezultirati specifičnim ozljedama. U alpskom skijanju, najčešće ozljede su ozljede donjih ekstremiteta, a u daskanju na snijegu, ozljede gornjih ekstremiteta. Cilj ovog rada je usporediti vrste ozljeda u alpskom skijanju i daskanju na snijegu kroz pregled dostupne literature i analizu prethodnih istraživanja. Osim toga, rad se fokusira na mehanizme nastanka ozljeda kako bi se razumjelo zašto dolazi do specifičnih ozljeda u svakom sportu. Kroz ovu usporedbu, cilj je pružiti smjernice i preporuke za prevenciju ozljeda kako bi se smanjio rizik od ozljeđivanja tijekom prakticiranja ovih popularnih zimskih sportova. Očuvanje fizičkog zdravlja sportaša ključno je za održavanje popularnosti i sigurnosti u alpskom skijanju i daskanju na snijegu.Alpine skiing and snowboarding are popular winter sports that attract an increasing number of enthusiasts. With the growing membershim in these sports, te risk of injuries also increase. Beginners in these sports are often more prone to injuries due to lack of experience and skills in handling equipment and techniques. Although both sports take place on snow, they differ in equipment and movement techniques, which can result in different types of injuries. In alpine skiing, the skier moves forward, while in snowboarding, the direction of movement is sideways, and the gaze is directed over the shoulder. This sifnificantly affects the distribution of stress on the body and can lead to specific injuries. In alpine skiing, the most common injuries are lower limb injuries, while in snowboarding, upper limb injuries are more common. The aim of this pape ris to compare the types of injuries in alpine skiing and snowboarding through a review of avaliable literature and analysis of previous studies. Furthermore, the study focuses on the mechanism of injury occurence to understand why specific injuries occur in each sport. Through this vomparasion, the goal is to provide guidelines and recommendations for injury prevention to reduce the risk of injuries during the practice of these popular winter sports. Preserving the physical health of athletes is crucial for maintaining the popularity and saftey of alpine skiing and snowboarding

The readiness of handball players to play through pain and injury: the role of athletic identity, mental toughness and group cohesion

Sport pruža pojedincima različite dobiti, ali sa sobom donosi i očekivani rizik od ozljeda i boli. Stoga, spremnost na igru uz bol i ozljedu predstavlja važnu sportsku, ali i psihološku temu. S obzirom na oskudnost dosadašnjih istraživanja o ulozi teorijski relevantnih individualnih i grupnih karakteristika u spremnosti na igru uz bol i ozljedu, cilj ovog istraživanja je ispitati doprinos sportskog identiteta, mentalne čvrstoće i grupne kohezije spremnosti na igru uz bol i ozljedu. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 180 profesionalnih (N = 45), poluprofesionalnih (N = 90) i amaterskih (N = 45) muških rukometaša koji su putem online Google Obrasca ispunili Upitnik rizika, boli i ozljede, Skalu sportskog identiteta, Indeks mentalne čvrstoće, Upitnik sportske mentalne čvrstoće, Upitnik ozračja u grupi te relevantne osobne karakteristike poput dobi, godina bavljenja rukometom i razine lige u kojoj se natječu. Provedbom triju hijerarhijskih regresijskih analiza, rezultati su pokazali da je Ekskluzivnost, kao dimenzija sportskog identiteta, pozitivno predvidjela Otpornost, dimenziju spremnosti na igru uz bol i ozljedu. Pritisak, kao još jedna dimenzija spremnosti na igru uz bol i ozljedu, je pozitivno predviđena s dobi, sportskim identitetom odnosno dimenzijama Socijalnog identiteta i Ekskluzivnosti, mentalnom čvrstoćom odnosno dimenzijom Samopouzdanja, a negativno s razinom lige, godinama bavljenja rukometom i Kontrolom, kao dimenzijom mentalne čvrstoće. Posljednju dimenziju spremnosti na igru uz bol i ozljedu odnosno dimenziju Identiteta, pozitivno je predvidjela dimenzija Ekskluzivnosti. Nalazi ukazuju da je spremnost na igru uz bol i ozljedu moguće više određena pojedinim individualnim, psihološkim i rukometnim, nego grupnim karakteristikama, stvarajući temelje za dodatna istraživanja ove tematike te nove empirijske uvide.Sport provides individuals with different benefits, but also comes with the expected risk of injury and pain. Therefore, readiness to play through pain and injury is an important sports and psychological topic. Given the scarcity of previous research on the role of theoretically relevant individual and group characteristics in readiness to play through pain and injury, the aim of this research is to examine the contribution of athletic identity, mental toughness and group cohesion to readiness to play through pain and injury. The study was conducted on 180 professional (N = 45), semi-professional (N = 90) and amateur (N = 45) male handball players who completed Risk, Pain, and Injury Questionnaire, Athletic Identity Measurement Scale, Mental Toughness Index, Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire, Group Environment Questionnaire, and relevant characteristics as age, years of playing and competing league of athletes, via Google Forms. By conducting three hierarchical regression analyses, the results showed that Exclusivity, as a dimension of athletic identity, positively predicted Tough, a dimension of readiness to play through pain and injury. Pressed, as another dimension of readiness to play through pain and injury, was positively predicted with age, Identity and Exclusivity as dimensions of athletic identity, Confidence as dimension of mental toughness, and negatively with league level, years of playing handball and Control as a dimension of mental toughness. The last dimension of readiness to play through pain and injury, that is, Identity, was positively predicted by dimension Exclusivity. The findings indicate that readiness to play through pain and injury may be determined more by individual, psychological and handball, rather than group characteristics, creating the basis for further research on this topic and new empirical insights

The readiness of handball players to play through pain and injury: the role of athletic identity, mental toughness and group cohesion

Sport pruža pojedincima različite dobiti, ali sa sobom donosi i očekivani rizik od ozljeda i boli. Stoga, spremnost na igru uz bol i ozljedu predstavlja važnu sportsku, ali i psihološku temu. S obzirom na oskudnost dosadašnjih istraživanja o ulozi teorijski relevantnih individualnih i grupnih karakteristika u spremnosti na igru uz bol i ozljedu, cilj ovog istraživanja je ispitati doprinos sportskog identiteta, mentalne čvrstoće i grupne kohezije spremnosti na igru uz bol i ozljedu. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 180 profesionalnih (N = 45), poluprofesionalnih (N = 90) i amaterskih (N = 45) muških rukometaša koji su putem online Google Obrasca ispunili Upitnik rizika, boli i ozljede, Skalu sportskog identiteta, Indeks mentalne čvrstoće, Upitnik sportske mentalne čvrstoće, Upitnik ozračja u grupi te relevantne osobne karakteristike poput dobi, godina bavljenja rukometom i razine lige u kojoj se natječu. Provedbom triju hijerarhijskih regresijskih analiza, rezultati su pokazali da je Ekskluzivnost, kao dimenzija sportskog identiteta, pozitivno predvidjela Otpornost, dimenziju spremnosti na igru uz bol i ozljedu. Pritisak, kao još jedna dimenzija spremnosti na igru uz bol i ozljedu, je pozitivno predviđena s dobi, sportskim identitetom odnosno dimenzijama Socijalnog identiteta i Ekskluzivnosti, mentalnom čvrstoćom odnosno dimenzijom Samopouzdanja, a negativno s razinom lige, godinama bavljenja rukometom i Kontrolom, kao dimenzijom mentalne čvrstoće. Posljednju dimenziju spremnosti na igru uz bol i ozljedu odnosno dimenziju Identiteta, pozitivno je predvidjela dimenzija Ekskluzivnosti. Nalazi ukazuju da je spremnost na igru uz bol i ozljedu moguće više određena pojedinim individualnim, psihološkim i rukometnim, nego grupnim karakteristikama, stvarajući temelje za dodatna istraživanja ove tematike te nove empirijske uvide.Sport provides individuals with different benefits, but also comes with the expected risk of injury and pain. Therefore, readiness to play through pain and injury is an important sports and psychological topic. Given the scarcity of previous research on the role of theoretically relevant individual and group characteristics in readiness to play through pain and injury, the aim of this research is to examine the contribution of athletic identity, mental toughness and group cohesion to readiness to play through pain and injury. The study was conducted on 180 professional (N = 45), semi-professional (N = 90) and amateur (N = 45) male handball players who completed Risk, Pain, and Injury Questionnaire, Athletic Identity Measurement Scale, Mental Toughness Index, Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire, Group Environment Questionnaire, and relevant characteristics as age, years of playing and competing league of athletes, via Google Forms. By conducting three hierarchical regression analyses, the results showed that Exclusivity, as a dimension of athletic identity, positively predicted Tough, a dimension of readiness to play through pain and injury. Pressed, as another dimension of readiness to play through pain and injury, was positively predicted with age, Identity and Exclusivity as dimensions of athletic identity, Confidence as dimension of mental toughness, and negatively with league level, years of playing handball and Control as a dimension of mental toughness. The last dimension of readiness to play through pain and injury, that is, Identity, was positively predicted by dimension Exclusivity. The findings indicate that readiness to play through pain and injury may be determined more by individual, psychological and handball, rather than group characteristics, creating the basis for further research on this topic and new empirical insights

Bilateral carotid-cavernous fistula presented with unilateral symptomatology

Introduction. Carotid-cavernous fistula presents an abnormal communication between carotid arterial system and the venous cavernous sinus. Due to anatomical characteristics of the sinus, the clinical picture is first manifested as ophthalmic problem. These fistulas are either of spontaneous or traumatic origin with different hemodynamics. They are usually on one side. However, bilateral carotidcavernous fistulas are rare and deserve special interest. Case report. We presented a 76-years-old female patient, who complained on diplopia and right eye protrusion and esotropia. Ophthalmological findings aroused suspicion of a right-side spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula. Further non-invasive and invasive investigations confirmed our initial diagnosis. Unexpectedly, digital subtraction angiography revealed another fistula, on her left side. Both fistulas were of low flow and did not need therapy. Conclusion. Carotid- cavernous fistula represent certain diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Although they are not indicated in a clinical picture, sometimes bilateral fistulas can be found during appropriate diagnostic procedures