Novi obuhvat roda Alyssum L. (Brassicaceae) u flori Hrvatske

Until now, the genus Alyssum L. has been represented by a total of 19 taxa in the Flora Croatica Database (FCD). In this paper a detailed review of this genus in Croatian flora was carried out based on most recent phylogenetic, taxonomic, and nomenclatural studies. Based on the presented results five of the current taxa are not subjected to any nomenclatural change, five require nomenclatural change, nine should be excluded from the Croatian flora while one new taxon should be included. Three taxa should be excluded from the genus Alyssum and included in the resurrected genus Odontarrhena C.A.Mey. ex Ledeb., namely O. muralis, O. tortuosa and O. metajnae. The most substantial change in the genus Alyssum is the exclusion of A. montanum and some related segregates (variety molliusculum and subspecies pagense) from Croatian flora and classification of the attributed populations as A. austrodalmaticum, A. gmelinii, A. pluscanescens and A. repens. The other excluded taxa, without reliable data indicating their presence in Croatia, are: A. hirsutum, A. ovirense, A. repens subsp. transsilvanicum, A. repens subsp. trichostachyum and A. wierzbickii. Following this review, taking into account the latest taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions, the genus Alyssum is represented by eight species and the genus Odontarrhena by three species in Croatian flora.U bazi podataka Flora Hrvatske (FCD) rod Alyssum L. dosad je bio zastupljen sa ukupno 19 svojti. Na temelju najnovijih filogenetskih, taksonomskih i nomenklaturnih istraživanja napravljena je detaljna revizija roda u flori Hrvatske. Nakon provedene revizije utvrđeno je da pet dosadašnjih svojti ostaje nepromijenjeno, za pet svojti je potrebna nomenklaturna promjena, devet svojti je potrebno isključiti iz flore Hrvatske dok je jednu svojtu potrebno uključiti. Tri svojte je potrebno izdvojiti iz roda Alyssum i uključiti u ponovno uspostavljeni rod Odontarrhena C.A.Mey. ex Ledeb.; O. metajnae, O. muralis i O. tortuosa. Unutar roda Alyssum najznačajnija promjena je isključenje vrste A. montanum kao i pojedinih povezanih svojti (varijetet molliusculum i podvrsta pagense) iz hrvatske flore te podjela svih pripadajućih populacija vrstama A. austrodalmaticum, A. gmelinii, A. pluscanescens i A. repens. Ostale isključene svojte, bez pouzdanih podataka koji potvrđuju njihovu prisutnost na području Hrvatske, su: A. hirsutum, A. ovirense, A. repens subsp. transsilvanicum, A. repens subsp. trichostachyum i A. wierzbickii. Na temelju ove revizije i uzimajući u obzir sadašnje taksonomske i nomenklaturne prijedloge, rod Alyssum je u flori Hrvatske zastupljen s osam vrsta dok je rod Odontarrhena zastupljen s tri vrste

Multiple hybridization events in Cardamine (Brassicaceae) during the last 150 years: revisiting a textbook example of neoallopolyploidy

Background and Aims Recently formed allopolyploid species represent excellent subjects for exploring early stages of polyploid evolution. The hexaploid Cardamine schulzii was regarded as one of the few nascent allopolyploid species formed within the past ∼150 years that presumably arose by autopolyploidization of a triploid hybrid, C. × insueta; however, the most recent investigations have shown that it is a trigenomic hybrid. The aims of this study were to explore the efficiency of progenitor-specific microsatellite markers in detecting the hybrid origins and genome composition of these two allopolyploids, to estimate the frequency of polyploid formation events, and to outline their evolutionary potential for long-term persistence and speciation. Methods Flow-cytometric ploidy-level screening and genotyping by progenitor-specific microsatellite markers (20 microsatellite loci) were carried out on samples focused on hybridizing populations at Urnerboden, Switzerland, but also including comparative material of the parental species from other sites in the Alps and more distant areas. Key Results It was confirmed that hybridization between the diploids C. amara and C. rivularis auct. gave rise to triploid C. × insueta, and it is inferred that this has occurred repeatedly. Evidence is provided that C. schulzii comprises three parental genomes and supports its origin from hybridization events between C. × insueta and the locally co-occurring hypotetraploid C. pratensis, leading to two cytotypes of C. schulzii: hypopentaploid and hypohexaploid. Each cytotype of C. schulzii is genetically uniform, suggesting their single origins. Conclusions Persistence of C. schulzii has presumably been achieved only by perennial growth and clonal reproduction. This contrasts with C. × insueta, in which multiple origins and occasional sexual reproduction have generated sufficient genetic variation for long-term survival and evolutionary success. This study illustrates a complex case of recurrent hybridization and polyploidization events, and highlights the role of triploids that promoted the origin of trigenomic hybrid

Anthropogenic disturbance as a driver of microspatial and microhabitat segregation of cytotypes of Centaurea stoebe and cytotype interactions in secondary contact zones

Background and Aims In a mixed-ploidy population, strong frequency-dependent mating will lead to the elimination of the less common cytotype, unless prezygotic barriers enhance assortative mating. However, such barriers favouring cytotype coexistence have only rarely been explored. Here, an assessment is made of the mechanisms involved in formation of mixed-ploidy populations and coexistence of diploid plants and their closely related allotetraploid derivates from the Centaurea stoebe complex (Asteraceae). Methods An investigation was made of microspatial and microhabitat distribution, life-history and fitness traits, flowering phenology, genetic relatedness of cytotypes and intercytotype gene flow (cpDNA and microsatellites) in six mixed-ploidy populations in Central Europe. Key Results Diploids and tetraploids were genetically differentiated, thus corroborating the secondary origin of contact zones. The cytotypes were spatially segregated at all sites studied, with tetraploids colonizing preferentially drier and open microhabitats created by human-induced disturbances. Conversely, they were rare in more natural microsites and microsites with denser vegetation despite their superior persistence ability (polycarpic life cycle). The seed set of tetraploid plants was strongly influenced by their frequency in mixed-ploidy populations. Triploid hybrids originated from bidirectional hybridizations were extremely rare and almost completely sterile, indicating a strong postzygotic barrier between cytotypes. Conclusions The findings suggest that tetraploids are later immigrants into already established diploid populations and that anthropogenic activities creating open niches favouring propagule introductions were the major factor shaping the non-random distribution and habitat segregation of cytotypes at fine spatial scale. Establishment and spread of tetraploids was further facilitated by their superior persistence through the perennial life cycle. The results highlight the importance of non-adaptive spatio-temporal processes in explaining microhabitat and microspatial segregation of cytotype

Sympatric diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Centaurea stoebe s.l. do not differ in arbuscular mycorrhizal communities and mycorrhizal growth response

Genome duplication is associated with multiple changes at different levels, including interactions with pollinators and herbivores. Yet little is known whether polyploidy may also shape belowground interactions.Methods: To elucidate potential ploidy‐specific interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), we compared mycorrhizal colonization and assembly of AMF communities in roots of diploid and tetraploid Centaurea stoebe s.l. (Asteraceae) co‐occurring in a Central European population. In a follow‐up greenhouse experiment, we tested inter‐cytotype differences in mycorrhizal growth response by combining ploidy, substrate, and inoculation with native AMF in a full‐factorial design.Key Results: All sampled plants were highly colonized by AMF, with the Glomeraceae predominating. AMF‐community composition revealed by 454‐pyrosequencing reflected the spatial distribution of the hosts, but not their ploidy level or soil characteristics. In the greenhouse experiment, the tetraploids produced more shoot biomass than the diploids did when grown in a more fertile substrate, while no inter‐cytotype differences were found in a less fertile substrate. AMF inoculation significantly reduced plant growth and improved P uptake, but its effects did not differ between the cytotypes.Conclusions: The results do not support our hypotheses that the cytotype structure in a mixed‐ploidy population of C. stoebe is mirrored in AMF‐community composition and that ploidy‐specific fungal communities contribute to cytotype co‐existence. Causes and implications of the observed negative growth response to AMF are discussed

Taxonomy and evolutionary history of Alyssum montanum (Brassicaceae) and related taxa in southwestern Europe and Morocco: Diversification driven by polyploidy, geographic and ecological isolation

The Alyssum montanum–A. repens polyploid complex is a group of related perennial taxa with a diversity centre in the European (Sub)Mediterranean, controversial taxonomic treatments, and a poorly known evolutionary history. In the present study, morphological, ploidy level and genetic (AFLPs and chloroplast DNA sequences) data were collected to address the taxonomy and evolution of a sublineage of this complex distributed in southwestern Europe and Morocco. As a result, a new taxonomic treatment, differing substantially from recent concepts, is presented, including an identification key, synonymy and typifications. The recognition of several previously described but recently not accepted endemics is favoured (A. flexicaule, A. orophilum, A. rhodanense), whereas the existence of southern Iberian endemics is not supported. Most of the Iberian Peninsula is occupied by a single species for which the name A. fastigiatum is applicable. Populations from the summit areas of the Pyrenees represent a separate species, which is described here as A. cacuminum. Populations from coastal sand dunes in the Basque country (Bay of Biscay) and Galicia, recently recognised as two subspecies of A. loiseleurii, are elevated to species rank according to their genetic and morphological divergence. Alyssum atlanticum is resolved as a species confined to northern Africa and not reaching southern Spain. The distribution of A. montanum in a strict sense is much more restricted than previously reported, being delimited by the Pyrenees in the south, and the Alps in the northeast. The species complex studied here is composed of several polyploid stenoendemics confined to different mountain ranges or specific lowland habitats, and a few relatively widely distributed species. We infer that hybridisation and polyploidisation events, along with ecological and geographic isolation, have stimulated speciation in this complex. Hypotheses about the origin and evolutionary history of the species are discussed.Studies of the herbarium specimens in MA were supported by the EU FP7 SYNTHESYS project (fellowships no. ES-TAF-3099 to K.M., ES-TAF-3213 to J.Z.-L. and ES-TAF-3216 to S.Š.).Peer reviewe

Overlooked morphological variation and a proposal for a new taxonomic circumscription of Alyssum simplex (Brassicaceae)

A recent study of European annual taxa of Alyssum has revealed that A. simplex includes two cytotypes (diploid and tetraploid) which differ in genetic markers, evolutionary history, and monoploid relative genome size. In this paper we present a new taxonomic treatment of A. simplex in which we treat the two cytotypes as two separate species. We select and discuss suitable names for both taxa (diploid A. simplex and tetraploid A. collinum), examine their morphological differences and survey their geographic distribution. In addition, we compare both cytotypes with the morphologically similar and genetically related species A. strigosum and designate lectotypes and a neotype of several relevant names

Data from: A multivariate study of differentiating characters between three European species of the genus Lasiochernes Beier, 1932 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chernetidae)

Morphological variation in three rarely collected European species of the genus Lasiochernes Beier, 1932 is thoroughly examined in the present study. Detailed descriptions of previously ignored morphological characters of L. cretonatus Henderickx, 1998, L. jonicus (Beier, 1929) and L. pilosus (Ellingsen, 1910) are presented. The female of L. cretonatus and the nymphs of L. pilosus are described for the first time. Multivariate morphometric techniques (principal coordinate analysis and discriminant analyses) were employed to confirm morphological differentiation of the three Lasiochernes species and to identify the most reliable characters for their separation. The usefulness of particular body parts for species identification was evaluated. An identification key for the females of the Lasiochernes species studied is provided. Geographic distribution and habitat preferences of the three species are summarized

Integrative Taxonomy Approach Reveals Cryptic Diversity within the Phoretic Pseudoscorpion Genus <i>Lamprochernes</i> (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae)

Pseudoscorpions represent an ancient, but homogeneous group of arachnids. The genus Lamprochernes comprises several morphologically similar species with wide and overlapping distributions. We implemented an integrative approach combining molecular barcoding (cox1), with cytogenetic and morphological analyses in order to assess species boundaries in European Lamprochernes populations. The results suggest ancient origins of Lamprochernes species accompanied by morphological stasis within the genus. Our integrative approach delimited three nominal Lamprochernes species and one cryptic lineage Lamprochernes abditus sp. nov. Despite its Oligocene origin, L. abditus sp. nov. can be distinguished from its closest relative only by molecular and cytogenetic differences, or alternatively, by a complex multivariate morphometric analysis involving other Lamprochernes species. The population structure and common haplotype sharing across geographically distant populations in most Lamprochernes species suggest that a phoretic manner of dispersal is efficient in this group

supplementary material 1

Results of eight canonical discriminant analyses (CDA 1–CDA 8, fig. 8) based on morphological characters measured/scored on 19 specimens and eight body segments of Lasiochernes cretonatus, L. jonicus and L. pilosus. Values of the total canonical structure listed in the table express correlations of characters with canonical axes (Can 1 and Can 2) in each CDA. Higher total canonical structure values are in bold type