Determination of the strong vertices of doubly heavy baryons with pseudoscalar mesons in QCD

The strong coupling constant of doubly heavy baryons with light pseudoscalar mesons $\pi$ and $K$ are computed within the light cone sum rules. We take into account two-particle and three-particle distribution amplitudes of the said pseudoscalar mesons. We compare our result with the one existing in the literature

Explaining Reinforcement Learning with Shapley Values

For reinforcement learning systems to be widely adopted, their users must understand and trust them. We present a theoretical analysis of explaining reinforcement learning using Shapley values, following a principled approach from game theory for identifying the contribution of individual players to the outcome of a cooperative game. We call this general framework Shapley Values for Explaining Reinforcement Learning (SVERL). Our analysis exposes the limitations of earlier uses of Shapley values in reinforcement learning. We then develop an approach that uses Shapley values to explain agent performance. In a variety of domains, SVERL produces meaningful explanations that match and supplement human intuition

Explaining Reinforcement Learning with Shapley Values

For reinforcement learning systems to be widely adopted, their users must understand and trust them. We present a theoretical analysis of explaining reinforcement learning using Shapley values, following a principled approach from game theory for identifying the contribution of individual players to the outcome of a cooperative game. We call this general framework Shapley Values for Explaining Reinforcement Learning (SVERL). Our analysis exposes the limitations of earlier uses of Shapley values in reinforcement learning. We then develop an approach that uses Shapley values to explain agent performance. In a variety of domains, SVERL produces meaningful explanations that match and supplement human intuition.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures. Accepted at ICML 202

Explaining Reinforcement Learning with Shapley Values

For reinforcement learning systems to be widely adopted, their users must understand and trust them. We present a theoretical analysis of explaining reinforcement learning using Shapley values, following a principled approach from game theory for identifying the contribution of individual players to the outcome of a cooperative game. We call this general framework Shapley Values for Explaining Reinforcement Learning (SVERL). Our analysis exposes the limitations of earlier uses of Shapley values in reinforcement learning. We then develop an approach that uses Shapley values to explain agent performance. In a variety of domains, SVERL produces meaningful explanations that match and supplement human intuition

Maternal and fetal outcomes of COVID-19, SARS, and MERS: a narrative review on the current knowledge

OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus infections, including SARS. MERS and COVID-19 have significant impact on global health as well as on pregnancies. The aim of this review was to enlighten and summarize the cumulative knowledge regarding the relationship between Coronavirus outbreaks and pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature search was commenced in order to analyze the maternofetal effects of Coronavirus outbreaks. RESULTS: Fever and cough are the most common presenting symptoms of COVID-19 which mostly affects pregnant women in their 3rd trimester with a maternal mortality rate of 0-77% and fetal and neonatal mortality rates of 1.2%. Fetal demise is common in critically ill pregnant. Pregnancy seems as a worsening factor for SARS and MERS epidemics and both infections affect prominently 3rd trimester pregnancies, although abortion (57%) is a significant risk for cases of early pregnancy. Clinical course of COVID-19, SARS and MERS may be rapid and worse in pregnant women than non-pregnant individuals. Cesarean section is the choice of delivery in most reported women due to mostly obstetrical reasons, although vaginal delivery seems not a worsening factor for the disease.CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19, SARS and MERS have significant detrimental effect on pregnancy. Rapid intervention, treatment, and intensive care support are essential for infected pregnant. Timely delivery is important in order to avoid intrauterine fetal death

Gigantic peripheral osteoma of the mandible: a case report

Osteomas are osteogenic lesions that have a limited growth potential. They are comprised of histologically and radiographically normal bone. Osteomas are categorized as central, peripheral or extraskeletal according to location. Clinically, peripheral osteomas (PO) are unilateral, sessile or pedunculated and have mushroom-like lesions ranging from 10 to 40 mm in diameter. Osteomas affecting the mandible are rare. In this report, we presented a gigantic peripheral mass on the left mandible in a 55-year old patient exhibiting clinical signs related to neoplasia

Some morphological features related to mandibular third molar impaction

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of some morphological features of the mandible and mandibular permanent molars on impaction of mandibular third molars with panoramic measurements in a Turkish patient group. Study design: Standardized panoramic radiography variables compiled from 140 patients retrospectively were eva- luated. Predictive variables included mesio-distal crown width and inclination of the mandibular molars, vertical and horizontal surface dimension between distal surface of the lower second molar tooth and anterior surface of its ramus, length and width of the mandible ramus and corpus, angle of the mandible gonion, the number of the lower third molar roots, and angulations of roots of the lower third molars. Results and Conclusions: According to the data obtained in this study, the vertical height of the anterior border of the ramus, length of the posterior basal corpus, mesio-distal diameters of the first, second and the third molars, 1/3 root angle of the third molar, number of third molar roots, inclination of the first molar to increase, vertical height of the posterior border of the ramus, vertical height of alveolar crest, and height and the width of the retro-molar space to decrease are all in direct proportion to the possibility of impaction of the third molar

The Research to determine of mechanization possibilities on sweet corn (zea mays saccharata sturt.) for earliness

Büyük Menderes Ovası koşullarında, merit adlı şeker mısır çeşidi ile, şeker mısırda erkenciliği sağlayacak mekanizasyon olanaklarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılan bu çalışma, tesadüf blokları deneme deseninde üç tekrarlamak olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada, ekilen tohumların filizlenme yüzdesi, fide ölçüleri, tepe püskülü çıkarma gün sayısı, koçan püskülü çıkarma gün sayısı, ilk koçan yüksekliği, bitki boyu, yatma yüzdesi, hasattaki bitki sayısı, kurtlu koçan yüzdesi, koçan çapı, koçan uzunluğu, koçan dane sıra sayısı, koçan ağırlığı, bitkideki koçan sayısı, hasatta parseldeki bitki sayısı, hasatta parseldeki koçan sayısı, dekara koçan verimi, kullanılan alet makinaların işgücü gereksinimi ve iş basanları, toplam makina enerjisi, yakıt enerjisi, insan enerjisi, toplam enerji gereksinimi ve masraf etüdü yapılmıştır. Deneme kurulduktan 85.0 gün sonra büyük viyol yönteminde, 87.3 gün sonra küçük viyol yönteminde, 90.3 gün sonra normal ekim yönteminde olgunlaşma sağlanmıştır. Yöntemlerin toplam kullanım masrafları gözönüne alındığında ekim yöntemi, büyük viyol yöntemine göre 321,117,000 TL/ha ve küçük viyol yöntemine göre 123,211,000 TL/ha daha avantajlıdır. Her nekadar küçük viyol ve özellikle de büyük viyol yöntemi toplam kullanım masrafları açısından pahalı gözükse de ekonomik analiz sonucu durumun tersine döndüğü görülmektedir. Büyük viyol yönteminde elde edilen brüt marj küçük viyol yöntemine göre % 9.5, ekim yöntemine göre % 16 daha avantajlıdır. This study was carried on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications to determine better mechanization facilities that provide earliness in sweet corn under the Büyük Menderes Valley's conditions. Measurements taken were germination percentage, seedling height, days to tasseling, days to silking, fist ear height, plant height, lodging percentage, number of plants at harvest, lorn damage on ears, ear radius, ear length, number of grain rows on ear, kernel weight, number of kernels per plant, number of plants at harvest, number of ears at harvest, kernel yield, labor requirements and working success of machinery, total machinery energy, energy of fuel, energy of labor, total energy requirement and cost. Maturation was reached after 85.0, 87.3, and 90.3 days from planting by big size multi-celled tray, small size multi-celled tray, and traditional planting methodology respectively. Comparation of total energy usages of three methods showed that traditional planting method had 321,111,000 TL/ha and 123.211.000 TL/ha lees cost big size multi-celled tray and than small size multi-celled tray respectively Despite big size multi-celled tray method and especialy small size multi- celled tray method seem more expensive, economic analysis results proved in reserve. Gross protitability in big size multi-celled tray method has been % 9.5 more advantageous than small size multi-celled tray method and % 16 more advantageous than traditional planting method respectively