Synthesis, and Characterization and In-Silico Analysis Against SARS CoV-2 of Novel Benzimidazolium Salts

N-heterocyclic carbene molecules are often used as the main scaffold in pharmaceutical chemistry, and one of the most important of these is benzimidazoles. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Disease-2 is the cause of the ongoing pandemic, and a drug should be developed against this virus. Scientists have been investigated the antiviral effects of many not only known molecules but also new molecules. In this study, reactivity and anti-coronavirus disease properties of new benzimidazole derivative molecules were investigated by theoretical methods. Three new benzimidazole derivative molecules were synthesized and fully characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and, 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopies for this purpose. Density Functional Theory-based calculation methods were used for optimization and frontier orbitals analysis. Also, the interactions of the molecules were evaluated with coronavirus disease main protease, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus main peptidase and the results were compared with the results of well-known anti-viral drugs by molecular docking methods. According to the results, 1-allyl-3-(3-chlorobenzyl-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolium chloride represent the best result against both main protease and main peptidase enzyme with -6.36 kcal/mol and -8.87 kcal/mol, respectively. Additionally, three of the molecules were give better binding results than the well-known anti-viral drugs

Erzurum Daphan Sulama Birliği Birinci ve ikinci Etap Sulama Şebekesinin Performansının Değerlendirilmesi (2012-2016)

Bu çalışma, Devlet Su İşleri Müdürlüğü tarafından inşası tamamlanarak sulamaya açılan ve Daphan Sulama Derneği'ne devredilen Daphan Ovası birinci ve ikinci etap sulama projeleri alanlarının 2012-2016 yılları arasında sulama sistemi performansının değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonucunda yıllık net su temin oranının sulu koşullarda bitkisel üretim yapılan alan için 7,10 ile 9,90 arasında olduğu, sulamaya açılmış toplam alanda da yıllık olarak 2,19 ile 2,60 arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Sulamaya açılmış toplam alan için su temin oranları 0,93 ile 1,10 arasında olup sulu koşullarda üretim yapılan alanda 3,20 ile 4,20 aralığında değişmiştir. Sürdürülebilir sulama alanı oranı %24,53 ile %33,15 arasında gerçekleşmiş, üretim değeri oranı da %19,34 ile %26,13 arasında belirlenmiştir. Karlılık oranı 4,30 ile 9,28 arasında iken mali etkinlik oranı %17,69 ile %46,82 arasında, mali yeterlilik oranı %106 ile %145 arasında gerçekleşirken tahsilât oranı %20,66 ile %34,37 arasında kalmıştır

Peat Use in Horticulture

Peat is a spongy substance which is an effect of incomplete decomposition of plant residues in different stages of decomposition. Between the several organic matters which are used as substrate for horticultural plants cultivation in soilless conditions, peat is the unabandonable ingredient for mixtures for commercial production of plants. Peat is used in horticulture as a component of garden plant substrates, in agriculture for the production of garden soil and as an organic fertilizer, and in balneology as a material for baths and wraps. The use of peat for agriculture and horticulture is determined by the following quality parameters: the degree of decomposition, ash content, pH, the presence of carbonates, the density of the solid phase, bulk density, and porosity. As an organic material, the peat forms in the acidic, waterlogged, and sterile conditions of fens and bogs. The conditions seem like the development of mosses. The plants do not compose as they die. Instead of this, the organic matter is laid down and accumulates in a slow time as peat due to the oxygen deficiency in the bog. This makes peat a highly productive growing medium. In the present novel review, we discuss the peat use in horticulture

Evaluation of pain after uterine artery embolization

Objective: In this study our aim was to determine the severity of post procedure pain associated with uterine artery embolization (UAE). Study Design: Twenty-one women with symptomatic uterine fibroid were recruited for the study. The procedure was performed in the angiography unit under conscious sedation. All patients received prophylactic intravenous antibiotics and analgesic, ibuprofen 600 mg. At the completion of the procedure, all patients were given ibuprofen 600 mg orally every six hours. The patients were discharged with oral ibuprofen (600 mg 4 times daily). The main outcome measure was severity of pain. The instrument for evaluation of pain was visual analog scale. The measurements were taken at every hour. Results: Twenty-one procedures were performed. The mean age was 43.04±4.21 years (range 34-52) and median parity was 4 (0-6). The mean post procedure pain scores after 1, 2 and 3 hours were 3.33±2.00, 4.57±1.74, 4.95±1.71 respectively. After the completion of embolization, it was found that pain appeared to peak in the initial 3-4 post-embolization hours, reached a plateau and then declined by 9 hours. Conclusion: There is an increased need for post procedural pain control for UAE patients, especially in the first 6 hours after the procedure.Objective: In this study our aim was to determine the severity of post procedure pain associated with uterine artery embolization (UAE). Study Design: Twenty-one women with symptomatic uterine fibroid were recruited for the study. The procedure was performed in the angiography unit under conscious sedation. All patients received prophylactic intravenous antibiotics and analgesic, ibuprofen 600 mg. At the completion of the procedure, all patients were given ibuprofen 600 mg orally every six hours. The patients were discharged with oral ibuprofen (600 mg 4 times daily). The main outcome measure was severity of pain. The instrument for evaluation of pain was visual analog scale. The measurements were taken at every hour. Results: Twenty-one procedures were performed. The mean age was 43.04±4.21 years (range 34-52) and median parity was 4 (0-6). The mean post procedure pain scores after 1, 2 and 3 hours were 3.33±2.00, 4.57±1.74, 4.95±1.71 respectively. After the completion of embolization, it was found that pain appeared to peak in the initial 3-4 post-embolization hours, reached a plateau and then declined by 9 hours. Conclusion: There is an increased need for post procedural pain control for UAE patients, especially in the first 6 hours after the procedure

The island of Cyprus in the Period of the Lusignans (1192-1489)

Doğu Akdeniz'in en büyük adası olan Kıbrıs, adını Tunç Çağı'ndan itibaren işletilmeye başlanan zengin bakır yataklarından alır. Kıbrıs Adası'nın konumu, Anadolu ve Orta Doğu arasında bir durak noktası gibidir. Sahip olduğu stratejik konumu nedeniyle Ada, tarih boyunca Orta Doğu'ya açılmak isteyen devletler için vazgeçilmez bir üs olarak görüldü. Bu durum adanın ilk çağlardan itibaren sürekli olarak istilalara uğramasına neden oldu. Deniz yolu ile Kudüs'ü Müslümanların elinden almak için Üçüncü Haçlı Seferi'ne çıkan İngiltere Kralı Aslan Yürekli Richard, çeşitli nedenler sonrası Kıbrıs adasına uğradı ve burayı ele geçirdi. Richard'ın bu hamlesi Kıbrıs adasının tarihinde bir dönüm noktası oldu. Richard, burayı ele geçirdikten kısa bir süre sonra eski Kudüs Kralı olan Guy de Lusignan'a sattı. Böylece Kıbrıs'ta yaklaşık olarak üç asır boyunca hüküm sürecek olan Lusignan Krallığı'nın temelleri atılmış oldu. Kıbrıs adası 1096 yılında başlayan Birinci Haçlı Seferi'nden itibaren Haçlılar ile iyi ilişkiler kurdu ve Haçlılara elinden gelen bütün yardımı yaptı. 1291 yılından sonra Haçlıların Suriye topraklarından tamamıyla temizlenmesi ile Müslümanlara karşı düzenlenen Haçlı harekâtlarının merkezi Kıbrıs oldu. Ayrıca bu tarihten sonra Suriye topraklarında bulunan Haçlı baronları, asilzadeleri, tüccarlar ve tarikat şövalyeleri Kıbrıs'a yerleştiler. Bu çalışmada, dönemin kaynakları değerlendirilerek 1192-1489 yılları arasında Kıbrıs'ta hüküm süren Lusignan Krallığı'nın adada ve bölgede gerçekleştirmiş olduğu siyasi, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik faaliyetler ele alınmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kıbrıs, Haçlılar, Lusignan, LevantenCyprus, the largest island of the Eastern Mediterranean, took its name from the rich copper deposits that began operating from the Bronze Age. The position of Cyprus ısland is like a stopping point between Anatolia and the Middle East. Due to its strategic location, ısland was seen as an indispensable base for states seeking to open up to the Middle East throughout history. This was caused the island to be continuously invaded since the early ages. Richard the Lionheart, the King of England, who came to the Third Crusade to take Jerusalem by sea from the hands of Muslims, suffered and captured the Cyprus Island after various reasons. This push by Richard was a turning point in the history of Cyprus ısland. Richard sold it to Guy de Lusignan, the King of Jerusalem, shortly after his capture. Thus the foundations of the Lusignan kingdom, which would rule for nearly three centuries in Cyprus, was laid. While Cyprus was under the administration of the Byzantine governor, it established good relations with The Crusaders and do its best for The Crusaders; since The first Crusade starting 1096. Also after this date, the Crusader barons, nobles, merchants and religious knights in the Syrian territories settled in Cyprus. This study, includes the political, social, cultural and economic activities of the Kingdom of Lusignan, ruled in Cyprus between 1192-1489, on the island and in the region by examining the documents which belong to the period. Key words: Cyprus, the Crusaders, the Lusignans, the Levante

Umbilical artery erythropoietin levels in preeclamptic pregnancies

Amaç: Bu çalışmada preeklamptik gebelerde umbilikal arter eritropoetin (EPO) değerlerinin saptanması ve klinikle ilişkisinin araştırılması amaçlandı. Materyal ve Metod: Prospektif olarak planlanan bu çalışmaya gebelik yaşı 37-42 hafta arasında değişen 26 normal (1. Grup), 25 hafif preeklamptik (2. Grup) ve 17 ağır preeklamptik gebe (3. Grup) dahil edildi. Hastalardan doğum sonrası çift klemplenmiş umbilikal kordonda, umbilikal arterden kan gazı ve EPO ölçümleri için kan örnekleri alındı. Sosyodemografik veriler, eylem ve doğum özellikleri ile yenidoğan muayene bulgular› kaydedildi. Gruplar arasındaki kan gazı parametreleri ve EPO düzeylerinin birbirleriyle ve klinik bulgular ile ilişkileri araştırıldı. İstatistiksel analizler SPSS paket programı kullanılarak yapıldı. Bulgular: Gruplar arasında gravida, parite ve gebelik yaşları açısından farklılık yoktu (p>0.05). Maternal yaş 2. grupta diğer iki gruba göre anlamlı olarak yüksekti (p<0.05). Sistolik ve diastolik kan basınçları açısından her üç grup arasında anlamlı farklılık olup (p<0.05), en yüksek değerler 3. grupta saptandı. Bebek doğum kilosu bir, iki ve üçüncü grupta sırasıyla; 3480.76±431.75, 3373.20±846.83 ve 2497.05±859.83 gram olarak saptandı (p<0.05). Birinci dakika Apgar skoru değerleri sırasıyla; 8 (7-10), 8 (3-9) ve 6(3-9) olarak saptandı (p<0.05). pH değerleri sırasıyla 7.35±0.06, 7.25±0.11 ve 7.19±0.09 olarak, baz açığı (BA) değerleri -4.71±2.02, -6.53±3.98 ve -9.29±3.82 mmol/L olarak, EPO değerleri ise 30.0 (9.2-122), 62.5 (11.0-549) ve 167.4 (10.1-908) mU/ml olarak saptandı ve gruplar arasındaki farklılık istatistiksel olarak anlamlı idi (p<0.05). Spearman ikili bağıntı analizinde maternal yaş ile EPO değerleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmadı. EPO değerleri ile sistolik, diastolik kan basıncı ve pCO2 değerleri arasında pozitif yönde, birinci ve beşinci dakika Apgar skoru, doğum kilosu, pH ve BA değerleri arasında ise negatif yönde anlamlı bir korelasyon saptandı. Sonuç: Doğumda umbilikal arter EPO düzeyleri preeklampsinin şiddetiyle, perinatal hipoksinin klinik ve biyokimyasal belirleyicileri ile anlamlı bir ilişki göstermektedir. Bulgularımız eritropoetinin preeklampsinin neden olduğu kronik fetal hipoksinin biyokimyasal bir belirleyicisi olarak kullanılabileceği fikrini desteklemektedir.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the levels of umbilical artery erythropoetin (EPO) levels and to evaluate its relation with clinical findings. MATERIAL-METHODS: In this prospective study, 26 normal (Group I), 25 mild preeclamptic (Group II) and 17 severe preeclamptic (Group III) pregnant women whose gestational ages were between 37-42 weeks were enrolled. After the delivery, blood samples were taken from the umbilical artery of double clamped umbilical cord and umbilical artery EPO levels and blood gas parameters were analyzed. Socio demographic findings, labor properties and physical examination of neonates were recorded. The blood gas parameters, EPO levels, their relationships with clinical findings of the groups were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS 9.05 statistical package program. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences between gravidity, parity and gestational ages of the groups (p&gt;0.05). Maternal ages were significantly higher in the second group when compared with the others (p&lt;0.05). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were statistically different in the groups (p&lt;0.05), and the highest levels were found in the third group. Birth weights were; 3480.76&plusmn;431.75, 3373.20&plusmn;846.83 and 2497.05&plusmn;859.83 grams in group I, group II and group III respectively (p&lt;0.05). First minute Apgar scores were 8 (ranges between 7-10) in the first group and 8 (ranges between 3-9) in the second group and 6 (ranges between 3-9) in the third group (p&lt;0.05). Umbilical cord pH levels were 7.35&plusmn;0.06, 7.25&plusmn;0.11 and 7.19&plusmn;0.09; base excess (BE) levels were -4,71&plusmn;2,02, -6.53&plusmn;3.98 and -9.29&plusmn;3.82 mmol/L; EPO levels were 30.0 (9.2-122), 62.5 (11.0-549) and 167.4 (10.1-908) mU/ml respectively and the differences between the groups were statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). In the Spearman bivariate correlation analysis, there was no significant relation between maternal age and EPO levels. There were significant positive correlation between EPO levels and systolic, diastolic blood pressures, pCO2 levels, significant negative correlation between first, fifth minute Apgar scores, birth weight, umbilical cord blood pH and BE levels. CONCLUSIONS: After delivery umbilical artery EPO levels showed significant correlation with severity of preeclampsia and, clinical and biochemical determinants of perinatal hypoxia. Our results support that erythropoetin can be used as a biochemical determinant of chronic fetal hypoxia that is caused by preeclampsia