Türkiye'de ilk yerli çikolata üretimi ve Sarelle markasının tarihi

Ankara : İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, 2014.This work is a student project of the The Department of History, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.by Özer, Abdürrahim

Tahsin Özgür

Ankara : İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, 2018.This work is a student project of The Department of History, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.The History of Turkey course (HIST200) is a requirement for all Bilkent undergraduates. It is designed to encourage students to work in groups on projects concerning any topic of their choice that relates to the history of Turkey. It is designed as an interactive course with an emphasis on research and the objective of investigating events, chronologically short historical periods, as well as historic representations. Students from all departments prepare and present final projects for examination by a committee, with 10 projects chosen to receive awards.by Abdürrahim Özer

Epidemiology of childhood pedestrian injuries

AMAÇ: Çocukluk yaş grubunda araç dışı trafik kazalarına ait epidemiyolojik verilerin incelenmesi ve bu kazaları önlemeye yönelik olarak çeşitli risk faktörlerinin belirlenmesi. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Bir üniversite acil servisine başvuran beş yıllık trafik kazası kayıtları içinden 0-18 yaş grubuna ait araç dışı trafik kazaları (ADTK) retrospektif olarak incelendi. Kaza kodları, yaş, cinsiyet, kazanın şehir içinde veya şehir dışında olması, saati, gün, ay, kaza sırasında aile birlikteliği, yaralanan organ sistemleri, hastaneye yatış olup olmadığı, yatan hastaların yatış süreleri ve sonuç kaydedildi. Elde edilen veriler uygun istatistiksel yöntemler kullanılarak değerlendirildiler. BULGULAR: Toplam 272 kayıt incelendi. Cinsiyetlere göre dağılım 178 erkek (%65,4), 94 kız (%34,6) şeklindedir. Aylara göre dağılıma bakıldığında %22,8 ile Eylül ayı kazaların en çok gerçekleştiği ay, %2,9 ile Ocak ve Şubat ayları kazaların en az gerçekleştiği aylar olarak tespit edilmiştir. Verilere göre %16,5 ile Salı günü kazaların en çok gerçekleştiği gün iken, %10,7 ile Cumartesi kazaların en az gerçekleştiği gün olmuştur. En sık kaza görülen saatler 08:00-15:59 (138 çocuk, %50.7) ve 16:00-23:59 saatleri (119 çocuk, %43.8) arasıdır. Kazaların %63.6’sının şehir içinde olduğu, %51.7’sinin çocuk ailesiyle birlikte değilken gerçekleştiği öğrenildi. Toplam 12 hastada kaza sonrası epilepsi, ensefalopati, serebral palsi, işitme kaybı, spastik hemipleji, fasiyal sinir bozukluğu, fleksiyon kısıtlılığı şeklinde kalıcı sakatlıkların oluştuğu, 6 hastanın (%2,2) da kaybedildiği tespit edilmiştir. SONUÇ: Özellikle erkek çocukları Eylül ayında, şehir içinde, mesai saatlerinde daha fazla kazaya maruz kalmıştır. Kazaların artış nedenlerinin ve önleme yollarının saptanabilmesi için ek çalışmalar gerekmektedir.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiological data of the childhood pedestrian injuries and determine some risk factors for prevention of such injuries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The patients aged 0-18 years that had pedestrian injuries (PI) within the last 5 years that were admitted to a university hospital emergency ward were examined retrospectively. Injury codes, age, gender, the place of the accident, time, day, and month of the accident, presence of family during the accident, injured organ systems, duration of hospitalization, and results were analyzed. Appropriate statistical examinations were done to evaluate the data. RESULTS: In total 272 accidents were evaluated. There were 178 boys (65.4%) and 94 girls (34.6%). The highest number of accidents were detected in September (22.8%) and on Tuesdays (16.5%), and the lowest were in January and February (2.9%), and on Saturdays (10.7%). The most frequent time intervals that the accidents were happened were between 08:00 and15:59 (138 children, 50.7%), and between 16:00 and 23:59 (119 children, 43.8%). It was found that 63.6% of the accidents took place in the city grounds, and 51.7% happened when the child was not with the family. Twelve patients had permanent injuries including epilepsy, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, spastic hemiplegia, facial nerve injury, and flexion deformity. Six patients died (2.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Boys are more prone to pedestrian injuries, mainly in the city grounds, during working hours and in September. More studies are needed to determine the risk factors of pedestrian injuries and prevention measures

The role of CO-RADS scoring system in the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection and its correlation with clinical signs

Background: Computed tomography (CT) evaluation systematics has become necessary to eliminate the difference of opinion among radiologists in evaluating COVID-19 CT findings. Introduction: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of CO-RADS scoring system in our patients with COVID-19 as well as to examine its correlation with clinical and laboratory findings. Methods: The CO-RADS category of all patients included in the study was determined by a radiologist who did not know the rtRT-PCR test result of the patients, according to the Covid-19 reporting and data system of Mathias Prokop et al. Results: A total of 1338 patients were included. CT findings were positive in 66.3%, with a mean CO-RADS score of 3,4 +/- 1,7. 444 (33.1%) of the patients were in the CO-RADS 1-2, 894 (66.9%) were in the CO-RADS 3-5 group. There were positive correlations between CO-RADS score and age, CMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic pulmonary diseases presence of symptoms, symptom duration, presence of cough, shortness of breath, malaise, CRP, and LDH, while CO-RADS score was negatively correlated with lymphocyte count. The results of the ROC analysis suggested that those with age >= 40 years, symptom duration >2 days, CMI score >1 and/or comorbid conditions were more likely to have a CO-RADS score of 3-5. Conclusion: The CO-RADS classification system is a CT findings assessment system that can be used to diagnose COVID-19 in patients with symptoms of cough, shortness of breath, myalgia and fatigue for more than two days

Clinical and Demographic Characteristics and Two-Year Efficacy and Safety Data of 508 Multiple Sclerosis Patients with Fingolimod Treatment

Introduction: Fingolimod is the first oral immunomodulatory treatment used as secondary care therapy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis for the last 10 years. The objective of our study is to reveal the experiences of the first generic fingolimod active ingredient treatment in different centers across Turkey. Method: The first generic fingolimod efficacy and safety data of patients followed-up in 29 different clinical multiple sclerosis units in Turkey were analyzed retrospectively. Data regarding efficacy and safety of the patients were transferred to the data system both before the treatment and on the 6th, 12th and 24th month following the treatment. The data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS 20.00. P value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: A total of 508 multiple sclerosis patients, 331 of whom were women, were included in the study. Upon comparing the Expanded Disability Status values before and after the treatment, a significant decrease was observed, especially at month 6 and thereafter. Since bradycardia occurred in 11 of the patients (2.3%), the first dose had to be longer than 6 hours. During the observation of the first dose, no issues that could prevent the use of the drug occured. Side effects were seen in 49 (10.3%) patients during the course of fingolimod treatment. Respectively, the most frequent side effects were bradycardia, hypotension, headache, dizziness and tachycardia. Conclusion: The observed results regarding efficacy and safety were similar to clinical trial data in the literature and real life data in terms of the first equivalent with fingolimod active ingredient

Towards a standardized program of transitional care for adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis for Turkey: a national survey study

Background: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a prevalent childhood chronic arthritis, often persisting into adulthood. Effective transitional care becomes crucial as these patients transition from pediatric to adult healthcare systems. Despite the concept of transitional care being recognized, its real-world implementation remains inadequately explored. This study aims to evaluate the thoughts and practices of healthcare providers regarding transitional care for JIA patients. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among pediatric and adult rheumatologists in Turkey. Based on the American Academy of Pediatrics’ six core elements of transitional care, the survey included 86 questions. The respondents’ demographic data, attitudes towards transitional care, and practical implementation were assessed. Results: The survey included 48 rheumatologists, with 43.7% having a transition clinic. The main barriers to establishing transition programs were the absence of adult rheumatologists, lack of time, and financial constraints. Only 23.8% had a multidisciplinary team for transition care. Participants agreed on the importance of coordination and cooperation between pediatric and adult healthcare services. The timing of the transition process varied, with no consensus on when to initiate or complete it. Participants advocated for validated questionnaires adapted to local conditions to assess transition readiness. Conclusions: The study sheds light on the challenges and perspectives surrounding transitional care for JIA patients in Turkey. Despite recognized needs and intentions, practical implementation remains limited due to various barriers. Cultural factors and resource constraints affect the transition process. While acknowledging the existing shortcomings, the research serves as a ground for further efforts to improve transitional care and ensure better outcomes for JIA patients transitioning into adulthood

Re-examining the characteristics of pediatric multiple sclerosis in the era of antibody-associated demyelinating syndromes.

Background: The discovery of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-IgG and anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4)-IgG and the observation on certain patients previously diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) actually have an antibody-mediated disease mandated re-evaluation of pediatric MS series. Aim: To describe the characteristics of recent pediatric MS cases by age groups and compare with the cohort established before 2015. Method: Data of pediatric MS patients diagnosed between 2015 and 2021 were collected from 44 pediatric neurology centers across Turkiye. Clinical and paraclinical features were compared between patients with dis-ease onset before 12 years (earlier onset) and >= 12 years (later onset) as well as between our current (2015-2021) and previous (< 2015) cohorts. Results: A total of 634 children (456 girls) were enrolled, 89 (14%) were of earlier onset. The earlier-onset group had lower female/male ratio, more frequent initial diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), more frequent brainstem symptoms, longer interval between the first two attacks, less frequent spinal cord involvement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and lower prevalence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-restricted oligoclonal bands (OCBs). The earlier-onset group was less likely to respond to initial disease-modifying treatments. Compared to our previous cohort, the current series had fewer patients with onset < 12 years, initial presentation with ADEM-like features, brainstem or cerebellar symptoms, seizures, and spinal lesions on MRI. The female/male ratio, the frequency of sensorial symptoms, and CSF-restricted OCBs were higher than reported in our previous cohort. Conclusion: Pediatric MS starting before 12 years was less common than reported previously, likely due to exclusion of patients with antibody-mediated diseases. The results underline the importance of antibody testing and indicate pediatric MS may be a more homogeneous disorder and more similar to adult-onset MS than previously thought