Handlingar och preferencer: Om bilen som konsertlokal

Detta papper redogör för resultat av samt pågående och kommande forskning, som jag bedriver och planerar. Främst är det resultat från en empirisk studie, ett fråge- formulär utskickat till 1 000 slumpmässigt valda individer i Sverige enligt strata: ålder, kön och utbildning’, som utgör grunden för detta papper. De fyra punkter, som här fokuseras. är följande: Bilen kan för många individer ha ett existentiellt värde. Musik har i detta sammanhang en funktion med påtagliga effekter. Tillämpning och konsekvenser i relation till trafiksäkerhet. Arbetsformer och metode

The impact of music on driving performance : how important is a \u92favourite tune\u92?

Fältexperiments syfte var att genom manipulation med särskilt utvald musik påverka en individs körbeteende och relatera förändringar till musiken. Ett annat syfte var att pröva om test kan visa på en förares karaktärsdrag och därmed prognostisera dennes inställning till exempelvis risktagning. Fem individer av olika ålder och kön deltog i studien. Musiken som spelades var omnämnd av deltagarna som något de tyckte om respektive tyckte illa om. I detta tvärvetenskapliga experiment användes både kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder parallellt. Experimentet utfördes på en motorbana under två dagar med olika hinder, som varierades. I en specialutrustad bil möjliggjordes en registrering av körsättet samt förarnas kommentarer under körning. Ett mönster kunde utläsas bland deltagarna beträffande karaktärsdrag, inställning till musik samt att ta risker och detta mönster överensstämmer till viss del med teorier om sensationssökande. Den kombination av utsagor, kommentarer och tester måste ses som ett första, men dock utslagsgivande tentativt försök värt att vidareutveckla. Slutsatsen är att det går att mäta förändringar i ett körbeteende orsakat av musik. Då musikupplevelser är individuella torde det vara omöjligt att generalisera hur olika musiksorter påverkar individen såväl i situationen bilkörning som i andra situationer. Däremot är det möjligt att utgå från att körbeteendet påverkas av musik som ger en positiv överraskning, favoritlåtar eller låtar som ger upphov till stress eller irritation. Att vara bekant med musiken men inte tycka allt för mycket om den, förefaller vara en fördel.  The aim of this field study was to alter an individual’s driving behaviour with specially selected music. A further aim was to find out whether tests could reveal the driver’s personality and thus predict his/her attitudes to, for example, risk-taking. Five individuals of various ages and sex took part in the study. The music being played had been mentioned by the participants as something they liked and disliked. In this interdisciplinary experiment both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. The experiment was performed in two days on a motor track, equipped with various obstacles in varying configurations. A specially equipped car, made it possible to register the drivers’ behaviour and their comments when driving. It was possible to distinguish a pattern among the participants regarding their personality, attitudes to music and risk-taking and this pattern corresponds to a certain extent with theories on sensation seeking. This very combination of statements, comments and tests must be interpreted as a first, albeit tentative attempt possibly worthy of further development. The conclusion to be drawn is that it is possible to measure changes in driving behaviour. Since musical experiences are of an individual kind, it may be impossible to generalize about how different sorts of music affect the individual, both in the car driving environment as in other kinds of situation. It is, however, possible to start from the assumption that driving behaviour is affected by the following: music that provides a positive surprise, a favourite tune and tunes giving rise to stress or irritation. It seems to be an advantage to be familiar with the music, but not to like it too much.

The Tropospheric Aerosol - Measurements and Modelling. Case studies in Tanzania and Southeast Asia and development of models for size resolved aerosol simulations on the regional scale.

The tropospheric aerosol is a complex constituent of the atmosphere that has impacts on health and the climate. This thesis presents five different studies from Tanzania, Southeast Asia and Europe dealing with urban measurements of particle mass and elemental composition, regional scale modelling of ozone and particle mass of inorganic aerosols and development of modules for sea salt emissions and size resolved aerosol particles with aerosol dynamical mechanisms implemented in a regional scale chemistry and transport model (CTM). The first research task, which was measurements in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, uses information on elemental composition and temporal behaviour to find sources of particulate mass with a simple statistical model. The second research task used available monitored species in Asia to set up and evaluate a regional chemical transport model developed and used for European conditions. This model was then compared to other models in the Asian region. The regional scale model was also set up for Europe to test new parameterisations of sea salt emissions and size distributed aerosols. A conclusion drawn from measurements in Dar es Salaam is that there is an enhanced concentration of small particles of anthropogenic origin in the city. In Southeast Asia, the evaluation of the CTM with respect to ozone was found to be difficult as a result of unrepresentative monitoring data. The study does indicate that the model performance is representative, but more comparisons should be made before concluding that the model is as valid as it is in Europe. An ensemble of models set up for East and Southeast Asia was able to reproduce the temporal variation for monitored particulate nitrate and sulphate. For simulations of the annual mean of nitrate, most models underestimated the measured values. All models in the ensemble either underestimated or overestimated total ammonium at five different stations. The new sea salt emission module overestimated the value of monitored sodium, but the correlation was good. Introducing aerosol dynamics in the model made the bias smaller, but also the correlation decreased. An aerosol dynamics module was successfully implemented in a regional scale CTM and can produce size distributed number and mass of several species. The introduction of aerosol dynamics did not degrade the performance of the model with respect to total inorganic particle mass in Europe