Landslide of Devrek (Zonguldak/Turkey)

Günümüzde küresel iklim değişikliği ile birlikte, Karadeniz havzasında yağış, sel ve kütle hareketlerinin sıklığı ve şiddetinde artışa bağlı afetlerde bir artış gözlenmektedir. Bunlardan biri de Türkiye’de Batı Karadeniz Bölümü’nde Zonguldak ili Devrek ilçe merkezinde oluşan Devrek Heyelanı afetidir. Bu çalışmada, yerleşim alanı ve alt yapıya büyük zarar veren, 2015 yılında gerçekleşen Devrek (Zonguldak) Heyelanı jeomorfolojik metotlarla incelenmiştir. Önce, heyelana yol açan jeolojik, jeomorfolojik, antropojenik, klimatik faktörler incelenmiş daha sonra ise arazide gözlemler yapılarak heyelanın jeomorfolojik özellikleri gözlemlenmiş ve güncel durum değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Heyelan alanında, Devrek Çayı’nın yan kolu olan Çomaklar Deresi’nin V şeklindeki vadisinin ortalama yamaç eğimi %23 olup kiltaşından oluşan yamaçlar kütle hareketlerine karşı duyarlıdır. Heyelanın gerçekleştiği alan Alt-Orta Eosen silttaşı, kumtaşı ve çoğunlukla kiltaşından oluşur. Devrek Heyelanı bölgesinde olayı yaşayan insanlarla yapılan mülakatlarda, heyelan öncesinde yamacın üst bölümündeki çukurlukta sürekli bir su birikmesi olduğu bilgisi alınmıştır. Bu da heyelan öncesinde, tabanda geçirimsiz kil katmanı üzerinde su birikmesi olduğunu göstermektedir. Heyelan alanına yaklaşık 2,5 km mesafede bulunan Devrek otomatik meteoroloji gözlem istasyonunun 2008-2017 yılları arasındaki ölçümlerine göre ilçenin yıllık ortalama yağış miktarı 762,48 mm. dir. Heyelan, yaz mevsiminde temmuz ayında yağışlı geçen günün ertesinde gerçekleşmiştir. Yapımı devam eden Devrek-Ereğli Karayolu’nda önlem alınmaksızın yapılan yarma ve dolgu işlemleri ve heyelan açısından riskli yamacın ortasından geçirilen yol yamacın denge açısını değiştirmiştir. 2015 yılının yağışlı geçen baharını izleyen yaz mevsiminde aşırı yağış sonrasında kütle hareketi 16.07.2015 tarihinde gerçekleşmiştir. Bu durum maddi sorunların yanı sıra sosyal ve psikolojik sorunlar da doğurmuştur. İnsanlar evlerini terk etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Heyelan sebebiyle 86 bina hasar görmüş, bazıları ise yıkılmıştır. Boşaltılan alanlardaki binalarda hırsızlık olayları meydana gelmiş, metruk binalar madde bağımlılarının barınağına dönüşmüştür. Bunların yanında, heyelan kopma bölgesinin üst tarafında kalan bir mahallenin zarar görme riskini önlemek için üst kütleye yamaç tesviyesi, fore kazık, beton bariyer, duvar örme, tahliye kanalı gibi uygulamalar yapılmıştır. Heyelan açısından duyarlı alanlar tespit edildikten sonra yapılaşma öncesinde, yapılaşma sırasında ve sonrasında yapılabilecek ıslah çalışmaları ile heyelanların zararları azaltılabilir. İnsan ve doğanın ortak etkileri sonucu gerçekleşen Devrek Heyelanı bu yönüyle ele alınacak, yol çalışmalarının heyelanlarla ilişkisi ortaya konulmaya çalışılacak ve çözüm önerileri sunulacaktır.Nowadays with the global climate changing, there is an increase in disasters due to increase in frequency and severity of precipitation, flood and mass movements in the Black Sea Basin. One of them is “Devrek Landslide” which comprised in the Section of Western Black Sea, Zonguldak province, Devrek county town. In this study, the Devrek (Zonguldak) Landslide in 2015, which great damaged to the settlement area and infrastructure, was investigated by geomorphological methods. First, geological, geomorphological, anthropogenic, climatic factors which causing landslides were analyzed, then geomorphological characteristics of the landslide was observed and actual status was evaluated. In the landslide area, the average slope of the V-shaped valley of Çomaklar Brook, which is shunt of Devrek Stream, is 23% and the slopes of claystone are sensitive to mass movements. The area where the landslide takes place, consists of Lower-Middle Eocene siltstone, sandstone and mostly claystone. During interviews with people living in the Devrek Landslide area, it was informed that there was a continuous accumulation of water in the pit on the upper part of the slope before the landslide. This shows that there was water accumulation on the base of the impermeable clay layer before the landslide. According to the measurements of Devrek automatic meteorology observation station, which is approximately 2.5 km away from the landslide area, the average annual rainfall of the county is 762.48 mm. The landslide occurred in the summer following the rainy day in July. On the Devrek-Ereğli Highway, which is still under construction, the road passed through the middle of the slope which is risky in terms of landslide and splitting and filling operations without any measures has changed the balance angle of the slope. In the summer following the rainy spring of 2015, after the heavy rainfall, mass movement materialized on 16.07.2015. This situation caused social and psychological problems as well as financial problems. People had to abandon their homes. Because of landslides, 86 buildings have been damaged and some of them have been wracked. Theft occurred in the buildings in emptied areas became shelter for drug addicts. In addition to this, in order to prevent the risk of damage to a neighborhood in the upper part of the landslide severance zone, applications such as slope leveling, bored pile, concrete barrier, masonry and drainage channel were applied to the upper mass. After determined the landslide sensitive areas, the damages of the landslides can be decreased with the rehabilitation works that before, during and after construction. Devrek Landslide which is occured as a result of the common effects of human and nature will be discussed in this aspect, the relationship between road works and landslides will be tried to be presented and solution offers will be presented

Serum SCUBE-1 levels and return of spontaneous circulation following cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adult patients

Background SCUBE 1-has been used as a biomarker for the diagnoses of myocardial infarction, stroke, mesenteric ischemia, and gastric cancer in some recent studies. In this study, we investigated the relationship between serum SCUBE-1 levels and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Methods Patients over 18 years of age who were not pregnant and received CPR were divided into two groups: those who achieved ROSC and those who died. There were 25 patients in each group. SCUBE-1 and other routine biochemical parameters were studied in blood samples taken at the time of admission. Results There was no significant difference between the age and gender distribution of the patients between the two groups. The SCUBE-1 value of the ROSC group was significantly higher than that of the non-survivor group ( p ˂ 0.05). At a cut-off value of 9 ng/mL, SCUBE-1 had a sensitivity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 65.8%, specificity of 48%, and a negative predictive value of 100% in predicting ROSC. Conclusions The SCUBE-1 values were found to be significantly higher in the ROSC group compared with the non-survivor group

The Role of Soil Beneficial Bacteria in Wheat Production: A Review

Free-living plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have favourable effect on plant growth, tolerance against stresses and are considered as a promising alternative to inorganic fertilizer for promoting plant growth, yield and quality. PGPR colonize at the plant root, increase germination rates, promote root growth, yield, leaf area, chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, protein content, tolerance to drought, shoot and root weight, and delayed leaf senescence. Several important bacterial characteristics, such as biological nitrogen fixation, solubilization of inorganic phosphate and mineralization of organic phosphate, nutrient uptake, 1-aminocydopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity and production of siderophores and phytohormones, can be assessed as plant growth promotion traits. By efficient use, PGPR is expected to contribute to agronomic efficiency, chiefly by decreasing costs and environmental pollution, by eliminating harmful chemicals. This review discusses various bacteria acting as PGPR, their genetic diversity, screening strategies, working principles, applications for wheat and future aspects in terms of efficiency, mechanisms and the desirable properties. The elucidation of the diverse mechanisms will enable microorganisms developing agriculture further

COVID-19 in pediatric nephrology centers in Turkey

Background/aim: There is limited data on COVID-19 disease in children with kidney disease. We aimed to investigate the characteristics and prognosis of COVID-19 in pediatric nephrology patients in Turkey. Materials and methods: This was a national, multicenter, retrospective cohort study based on an online survey evaluating the data between 11th March 2020 and 11th March 2021 as an initial step of a detailed pediatric nephrology COVID-19 registry. Results: Two hundred and three patients (89 girls and 114 boys) were diagnosed with COVID-19. One-third of these patients (36.9%) were between 10–15 years old. Half of the patients were on kidney replacement therapy: kidney transplant (KTx) recipients (n = 56, 27.5%), patients receiving chronic hemodialysis (n = 33, 16.3%) and those on peritoneal dialysis (PD) (n = 18, 8.9%). Fifty-four (26.6%) children were asymptomatic. Eighty-two (40.3%) patients were hospitalized and 23 (28%) needed intensive care unit admission. Fifty-five percent of the patients were not treated, while the remaining was given favipiravir (20.7%), steroid (16.3%), and hydroxychloroquine (11.3%). Acute kidney injury developed in 19.5% of hospitalized patients. Five (2.4%) had MIS-C. Eighty-three percent of the patients were discharged without any apparent sequelae, while 7 (3.4%) died. One hundred and eight health care staff were infected during the study period. Conclusion: COVID-19 was most commonly seen in patients who underwent KTx and received HD. The combined immunosuppressive therapy and frequent exposure to the hospital setting may increase these patients’ susceptibility. Staff infections before vaccination era were alarming, various precautions should be taken for infection control, particularly optimal vaccination coverage

Pyrazolium based Ionic Liquids: Crystal Structures and Theoretical Calculations

Ionic liquids (IL) are ionic, salt-like materials and composed of an organic cation and anion. Different types of anions and cations can be used to modify the chemical and physical properties of the IL. Phosphonium, ammonium, sulfonium, imidazolium, picolinium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, thiazolium, oxazolium and pyrazolium cations are widely used cations in the synthesis of ionic liquids, while hexafluorophosphate and tetrafluoroborate are the most prominent anions used in IL synthesis [1]. A series of tunable aryl alkyl ionic liquids (TAAILs) based on 1-aryl-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazoles were synthesized and characterized by Özdemir and Özgün [2]. The crystal structures of two of these ionic salts 1-(4-bromophenyl)- 2,3,5- trimethylpyrazolium tetrafluoroborate (I) and 1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,3,5- trimethylpyrazolium hexafluorophosphate (II) were obtained by X-ray diffraction techniques. The optimized molecular geometries (Figure 1) and 1H/13C NMR chemical shift values were obtained using Gaussian 09 package program. The DFT/B3LYP method together with basis set 6-311+G(d,p) was used to study the molecular structures of ILs. Their 1H NMR and 13C NMR chemical shift values were compared with the calculated results obtained by B3LYP/6- 311G++(2d,2p) in the solvent CDCl3 by applying GIAO approach. It was observed that the calculated geometrical parameters are very compatible with X-ray diffraction results