Two-Stage Clustering Approach for the Household Electricity Load Profiles by Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network Techniques

In this paper, household electricity load profile (LP) clustering problem is addressed. LP clustering analysis has been utilized as predicted end-user LPs for demand or supply management strategies to maintain the stability of the power systems. The consumption dynamics of the LPs are formed by the combinations of technical and social factors. Hence, discovering the dynamic patterns of the LPs has been a challenging problem. For this problem, we have offered successive applications of Sugeno fuzzy-logic (SFL) and self-organizing map neural network (SOMNN) techniques. Firstly, the data sets of the LPs are clustered by fuzzy logic approach by the reference models which are generated with the common family-types per persons. Then, considering the extra input of the weighted occupancy profiles, SOMNN is performed to improve the clustering result according to the dataset. The proposed strategy has been simulated by MATLAB® and the related results are presented

Gaseous air pollution and emergency hospital visits for hypertension in Beijing, China: a time-stratified case-crossover study

Background: A number of epidemiological studies have been conducted to research the adverse effects of air pollution on mortality and morbidity. Hypertension is the most important risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. However, few previous studies have examined the relationship between gaseous air pollution and morbidity for hypertension. ---------- Methods: Daily data on emergency hospital visits (EHVs) for hypertension were collected from the Peking University Third Hospital. Daily data on gaseous air pollutants (sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) and particulate matter less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) were collected from the Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center. A time-stratified case-crossover design was conducted to evaluate the relationship between urban gaseous air pollution and EHVs for hypertension. Temperature and relative humidity were controlled for. ---------- Results: In the single air pollutant models, a 10 μg/m3 increase in SO2 and NO2 were significantly associated with EHVs for hypertension. The odds ratios (ORs) were 1.037 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.004-1.071) for SO2 at lag 0 day, and 1.101 (95% CI: 1.038-1.168) for NO2 at lag 3 day. After controlling for PM10, the ORs associated with SO2 and NO2 were 1.025 (95% CI: 0.987-1.065) and 1.114 (95% CI: 1.037-1.195), respectively.---------- Conclusion: Elevated urban gaseous air pollution was associated with increased EHVs for hypertension in Beijing, China

Iconic refraction in Byzantines

726 ile 843 yılları arasında yaklaşık 120 yıllık süreç içinde kesintili olarak iki dönem halinde gerçekleşen ikonoklast dönem Bizans’ın ve imparatorun devlet-kilise ilişkisi kapsamında yaşadığı sosyal, siyasi, askeri ve ekonomik sorunlar ve heretik dini mezhepler ile dış kaynaklı etkilerin de içinde bulunduğu karmaşık bir harekettir. Temel olarak dini sebeplerle birlikte, siyasi ve ekonomik sebeplerin ortaya çıkardığı bir sonuç olarak Bizans tarihini etkileyen ikonoklazma, aynı zamanda beklenilmeyen sonuçları itibariyle de Bizans ve Ortaçağ dönemi için oldukça önemli etkilere sahiptir. İkonoklazma dönemi boyunca her ne kadar imparatorun kişisel otoritesi, belli bir seviyede sağlansa da, bu dönemin sona ermesinin ardından Batı Kilisesinin Bizans’tan tamamen kopması, ikon kültünün bir Ortodoks inanışı olarak kendisine yer edinmesi, Bizans’ta Antik-Hellenistik kültürün tekrardan canlanması gibi Bizans’ı ve Hristiyanlığı Batı-Doğu ayrımı kapsamında etkileyen önemli olaylar gerçekleşmiştir. Böylelikle İkonoklazma dönemi, Bizans’ın dini, sosyal, kültürel ve siyasi yaşamında önemli izler bırakarak, Bizans tarihi için bir dönüm noktası olmuştur.The iconoclastic period, which took place in two periods between the years 726 and 843 in an intermittent period of 120 years, was not realized based on the sensitivity towards religious depictions as it was in the mere appearance, but also the social, political, military, which the Byzantine and the emperor faced within the state-church relationship, economic problems and heretic religious denominations as well as the external influences. Iconoclasm, which mainly affects the Byzantine history as a result of political and economic reasons together with religious reasons, also has important effects for the Byzantine and Medieval periods in the context of unexpected reasons. During the period of the iconoclasm, although the emperor's personal authority was provided at a certain level, the complete collapse of the Western Church after the end of the era of iconoclasm, the fact that the icon cult gained its place as an Orthodox belief, as well as the revival of Ancient-Hellenistic culture in Byzantium. With the Iconoclasm, some important events affecting Byzantine and Christianity in the Western-East distinction have been realized. Thus, the iconoclastic period was a turning point for Byzantine history, leaving significant traces in the religious, social, cultural and political life of Byzantium

Form factors of the atoms with the hartree-fock-roothaan method calculation

Bu çalışmada; Hartree-Fock- Roothaan metodu ile saçılma deneylerinde ortaya çıkan atomik form faktörleri incelenmiştir. Minimal ve genişletilmiş baz seti için Slater tipli orbitaller kullanılarak atomik form faktörler incelenmiş ve genel analitik ifadeler bulunmuştur. Atomik form faktörleri için elde edilen ifadeler; Gaunt katsayıları ve bazı yardımcı moleküler integraller içermektedir.Atomik form faktörleri için elde edilen ifadeler ve içerdiği fonksiyonların Maple 13 sembolik programlama dilinde programları yapılmıştır. Bu program kullanılarak Z=2-54 aralığındaki atomların taban durumları için form faktör değerleri hesaplanmış ve literatürde varolan değerlerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, hesaplanan atomik form faktör değerlerinin literatürdeki değerlerle uyumlu olduğu gözlenmiştir In this study; atomic form factors, appearing in scattering experiments, have been investigated by Hartree-Fock- Roothaan method. Using Slater type orbitals for minimal and extended basis sets, atomic form factors have been studied and general analytical expressions have been found. The obtained expressions for atomic form factors include Gaunt coefficients and some auxiliary molecular integrals.Programs of the obtained expressions for atomic form factors and included functions have been constructed in Maple 13 symbolic programming language. Using this program, atomic form factor values for the ground state of atoms in range Z=2-54 have been calculated and compared with the available literature values. As a result, it is seen that the calculated form factors for the ground states of atoms in range Z=2-54 are in agreement with the available literature values

Mikrodalga destekli yeni benzimidazol türevlerinin sentezi, yapılarının aydınlatılması ve bazı biyolojik özelliklerinin incelenmesi

Azot içeren heterosiklik yapıların geniş ölçüde biyolojik aktivite göstermeleri, sentezlerinin organik kimya alanında her zaman ilgi çekici olmasını sağlamıştır. Bu çalışma sonucunda heterosiklik kimyada oldukça öneme sahip benzimidazol türevi 14 bileşik sentezlenerek biyolojik aktiviteleri incelenmiştir. Bu tez çalışmasında ilk olarak literatürde kayıtlı olan imino ester bileşiği sentezlenmiştir. Elde edilen bu imino ester bileşiği, o-fenilendiamin ve 4-nitro-o-fenilendiamin bileşikleri ile ayrı ayrı etkileştirilerek benzimidazol bileşiklerine dönüştürülmüştür. Bir sonraki aşamada elde edilen benzimidazol bileşiklerinde N-3 azotundaki asidik proton etilbromoasetat ile yerdeğiştirerek ester bileşiklerine, elde edilen ester bileşikleri ise hidrazin hidrat ile etkileştirilerek hidrazit türevlerine dönüştürülmüştür. Hidrazit türevi bileşikler karbondisülfür ile KOH varlığında reaksiyona sokularak hedef bileşiklerden ilki olan oksadiazol halkası içeren benzimdazol türevi bileşikler elde edilmiştir. Bir diğer aşamada ise hidrazit bileşikleri bu kez fenil izotiyosiyanat ile etkileştirilerek karbotiyoamid türevi içeren benzimidazol bileşikleri elde edilmiştir. Çalışmanın son kısmında ise elde edilen karbotiyoamid türevleri asidik ortamda halka kapanması tepkimesi sonucunda tiyadiazol halkası, bazik ortamda ise halka kapanması tepkimesi sonucunda triazol halkası içeren benzimidazol bileşiklerine dönüştürülmüştür. Bileşikler klasik ve mikrodalga yöntemleri kullanılarak elde edilmiş, verim ve süre karşılaştırmaları yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucu elde edilen bileşiklerin antimikrobiyal, antilipaz , ?-glukozidaz aktiviteleri incelenmiş ve kimyasal yapıları IR, 1H-NMR,13C-NMR ve kütle spektrometre yöntemleri kullanılarak aydınlatılmıştır. Heterocyclic compounds which containing nitrogen atom showed wide biological activities. In this reason obtaining these compounds will be important in organic chemistry. In this study, 14 benzimidazole derivatives which is more important in heterocyclic chemistry were synthesized and investigation of their some biological activities.At first stage of this study, imino ester compound was synthesis according to Pinner method. At the second stage, benzimidazole compounds were obtained from o-phenylenediamine (or 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine) and imino ester. The next step, ester compounds were synthesized via acidic proton substituted N-3 nitrogen of this compound with substitution reaction in the presence of ethyl bromoacetate, then these compounds interaction to hydrazine hydrate for obtained hydrazide derivatives. Hydrazide compounds reacted with carbondisulfide in the presence of KOH for obtained benzimidazole derivatives containing oxadiazole ring which is the first target of compounds. The other step, hydrazide compounds were reacted with phenyl isothiocyanate for obtained to benzimidazole compounds containing carbothioamide derivatives. Final step in this study, thiadiazole derivatives obtained under acidic conditions and triazole derivatives obtained under basic conditions from carbothioamide derivatives with ring closure reactions, respectively. Most of reactions were utilized by both microwave-assisted and conventional methods for comparing yields and reaction time.All compounds obtained in this study were also investigated for antimicrobial, anti-lipase and anti-glucosidase activities. All structures of the obtained compounds were characterized by using spectroscopic techniques like IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and mass spectroscopy

Apendiks içine metal cisim kaçmiş 11 aylik kız çocuk vaka sunumu ve literatür araştırması

Although undigested materials are often swallowed by children, most of them pass through the gastrointestinal tract spontaneously. Rarely, ingested foreign bodies can be trapped inside the appendix and then usually are not able to return to intestinal passage. In these cases, prophylactic appendectomy is recommended to prevent appendicitis and related complications. Here we presented 11-monthold female patient whose examination of abdominal x-ray was revealed metallic foreign body stopped at the right lower quadrant. At laparotomy, the foreign body was found to be lodged inside the appendix and removed by appendectomy.Çocuklar tarafından sindirilmeyen cisimler sıkça yutulsa da, bunların çoğu gastrointestinal sistemden kendiliğinden geçer. Nadiren, yutulan yabancı cisimler apendiks içinde sıkışabilir ve genellikle tekrar sindirim kanalına geri dönemez. Bu vakalarda, apendisit ve ilgili komplikasyonları önlemek için profilaktif apendektomi önerlilir. Burada, direk karın grafisinde sağ alt kadranda metal bir cismin durduğu tespit edilen 11 aylık kız hasta sunulmaktadır. Laparatomide, yabancı cismin apendiks içine sıkıştığı tespit edilerek apendektomi yapıldı

THE OXIDANT EFFECTS OF HYPERBARIC OXYGENATION AND AIR POLLUTION IN ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANES (HYPERBARIC OXYGENATION IN AIR POLLUTION)

Aim: The aim was to investigate the interactions of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) inhalation (at 10 ppm, one hour daily for 45 days) on lipoperoxidation and fragility of RBC membranes. Methods: Malonyldialdehyde (MDA) levels, osmotic fragility ratios and hematologic parameters of a total of 24 rats were compared in four different groups controls, HBO, SO2 and (HBO+SO2). HBO was applied at 3 Atm abs (303.9 kPa), 1 hour daily, for 45 days in a specifically designed exposure chamber. Results: MDA levels and osmotic fragility ratios were significantly higher in groups-B, C and D than in control group (p<.05 for all). Marked decrease in MDA levels and osmotic fragility ratios were observed in group-D (HBO+SO2) compared to groups-B and C (p<0.05). However, MDA levels and osmotic fragility ratios in group-D were also significantly higher than in group-A (p<0.05 for all). Conclusion: HBO-treatment or SO2 inhalation alone resulted in structural and functional oxidant damage, indicated by higher MDA levels and osmotic fragility ratios, but when they were applied together, decreases in oxidant damage in RBC membranes were observed indicating HBO may also be useful in the cities with a serious air pollution problem, at least it does not cause additional oxidant stress

Reproductive Hormones and Mood Disorders

During the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and breast-feeding periods, as well as in menopausal and post-menopausal periods, the physiological and psychological processes that change according to the hormonal fluctuations influence every women similarly and each one differently. These physiological processes are controlled by neuroendocrine sequences, of which the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis are the most important ones. The hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis affects mood, anxiety, cognition and pain. The interaction of these hormones with mood and behavior is bidirectional. The differences in phenomenology and epidemiology of mood disorders with regards to gender can be explained with the effects of hormones. All of the periods mentioned above are related with mood disorders at terms of risk factors, disease symptoms, progress of disease and response to treatment. Epidemiologic data supports the relationship between the mood disorders and reproductive processes. The prevalence of major depression increases in women with the menarche and ceases in post- menopausal period. Similarly, the initial symptoms of bipolar disorder begins around the menarche period in 50% of the cases. Despite proper treatment, some female patients with major depression experience recurrence during the premenstrual period of their menstrual cycles. The conformity and change in a woman’s brain during pregnancy is controlled dominantly by the neuroendocrine systems, while it is controlled by the external stimuli actively related to the baby during nursing period. The changes that occur are closely related to postpartum mood disorders. Again, all the changes and suspension of medication during this procedure are risk factors for early depressive and dysphoric situations. Variables of a wide range, from follicle stimulating hormone, melatonin, and sleep to body mass index interact with mood disorders in menopausal and post-menopausal periods. Interest on the effects of gonadal steroids on the central nervous system has grown parallel with our increasing knowledge. In the last decade, the place of hormonal treatments in the treatment of mood disorders have been discussed continously. During this period, along with the anti-depressant efficacy of estrogen, anti-manic efficacy of tamoxifen was also demonstrated in several studies. In this paper, the complex relationship between the physiological changes and the mood disorders during a menstrual cycle, pregnancy, nursing, menopausal and post-menopausal periods are briefly reviewed and discussed over the reproductive hormones in the context of etiology, phenomenology and treatment