A Historical Review of Illegal Tour Guiding in Turkey

The tour guiding profession was much abused in the past while illegal guiding took place, and remains much the same nowadays. With the use of official documents, this paper outlines issues concerning illegal tour guid ing from the past to the present. Document analysis as a qualitative research method was applied in this study. Archival research was carried out, and unpublished documents were analysed to contribute to the literature and shed light on the roots of illegal tour guiding. Archival data was combined with travel guidebooks, official reports, and court files. Despite regulations, problems concerning tour guiding continue to exist to the present day. More than ever before, illegal tour guides employed by travel agencies have become a threat to the employment of licenced guides. The number of illegal tour guides proves that current measures remain incapable of prohibiting illegal guiding activities. Touting seems to be the longstanding main motivation for illegal guides. Unethical guiding practices affect the established image of the destination country. From a historical perspective and underlining issues such as touting through unpublished archived documents and official reports, this paper contributes a detailed understanding of the defective points concerning the travel industry

Taking initiative in educational organizations: A scale development studyEğitim örgütlerinde inisiyatif alma: Bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması

The purpose of the study is to develop a reliable and valid scale for individual initiative in educational organizations. The draft form to get experts’ opinion was presented. After getting feedback of experts, unsuitable items were removed from the scale. Pilot implementation showed that the language of the scale is suitable for the basic implementation. 39-item form was administrated to 370 volunteer inspectors, principals and teachers in different educational units. Confirmatory factor analysis, difference tests between %27, construct validity, reliability, item total, item removed and other tests were applied for developing the scale. All those statistical analysis showed that initiative of individuals can be assess into four dimensions. These dimensions are “self-starting”, ”overcoming the barriers”, “proactive action” and “self-investment”. The scale with 35-item that is shaped through experts’ opinion after statistical tests are developed as a valid and reliable scale for educational organizations. ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı eğitim örgütlerinde kullanılabilecek bir inisiyatif alma ölçeğinin geliştirilmesidir. Bu amaçla taslak form oluşturulmuştur. Oluşturulan taslak form görüşlerinin alınması için uzmanlara sunulmuştur. Uzmanlardan alınan geri bildirimler ile ölçeğin yapısına uygun olmayan maddeler ölçekten çıkarılmıştır. Oluşan 39 maddelik nihai form kasıtlı örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen 370 müfettiş, müdür, müdür yardımcısı ve öğretmene uygulanmış elde edilen veriler ölçek geliştirme sürecine uygun olarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında inisiyatif alma ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi sürecinde madde toplam, madde kalan, alt ve üst %27’lik gruplar arasında fark testleri, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, yapı geçerliliği ve güvenirlik analizleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan tüm bu istatistiki sınamalar, alan yazın ve uzman görüşleri doğrultusunda son şekli verilen,  “başlatıcılık”, “engelleri aşma”, “basiret gösterme” ve “öz-yatırım” boyutlarından oluşan,  eğitim örgütlerinde kullanılabilecek 35 maddelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir inisiyatif alma ölçeği geliştirilmiştir

A Novel Technique for Conjunctivoplasty in a Rabbit Model: Platelet-Rich Fibrin Membrane Grafting

Purpose. To investigate the effect of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane on wound healing. Methods. Twenty-four right eyes of 24 New Zealand rabbits equally divided into 2 groups for the study design. After the creation of 5 × 5 mm conjunctival damage, it was secured with PRF membrane, which was generated from the rabbit’s whole blood samples in PRF membrane group, whereas damage was left unsutured in the control group. Three animals were sacrificed in each group on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 28th postoperative days. Immunohistochemical (IHC) stainings and biomicroscopic evaluation were performed and compared between groups. Results. PRF membrane generated significant expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in the early postoperative period. However, the IHC evaluation allowed showing the excessive staining at day 28, in control group. Biomicroscopic evaluation revealed complete epithelialization in PRF membrane group, but none of the cases showed complete healing in the control group. Conclusions. This experimental study showed us the beneficial effects of the PRF membrane on conjunctival healing. Besides its chemical effects, it provides mechanical support as a scaffold for the migrating cells that are important for ocular surface regeneration. These overall results encourage us to apply autologous PRF membrane as a growth factor-enriched endogenous scaffold for ocular surface reconstruction

Effects of Parental Divorcement on Impulsivity in Adolescence

Objective: The impact of parental coexistence on overcoming the adolescence period is being discussed. The aim of this study is to examine if there is a statistically signi-ficant difference in the level of impulse control among the adolescent children of married and divorced couples and to investigate the effect of the socio-demographic characteristics of the divorce process on impulsivity of adolescents. Method: Fifty girls and 50 boys ages of 12-17 with divorced parents, 50 boys and 50 girls with undivorced parents were included in the study. This is a cross-sectional study. The impulse control levels of adolescents were compared with the Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). The effect of the educational status of the parents, the gender and the age of the adolescent, the parent with whom the adolescent live, time after divorce process on the level of impulse control were examined. The value of p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between groups in total BIS scores and all subscale scores (p=0,743). In the divorced families, statistically significant difference was found between the time after the divorce and the BIS scores (P=0,002), while there was no statistically significant difference between the education levels of the parents, the parent with whom the adolescent live and the gender of adolescent. Discussion: According to this study, divorce did not effect the impulse control levels of adolescents between 12-17 years. Adolescents aged 6 years or younger in the divorce process were thought to have more impulse control problems than olders. It was thought that evaluation of divorcement and different factors would give better results in studies about impulsivity in adolescence

Servikal Ranula: Bir Olgu Sunumu

Plunging veya servikal ranula sublingual bezden kaynaklanan ve mylohyoid kası içinden uzanım gösteren nadir görülen bir mukus ekstravazasyon kistidir. Mukus doku planlarını ayırarak aşağı doğru iner ve sıklıkla submental veya submandibular alanda şişlik olarak kendini gösterir. Tedavide ile seçenek plunging ranulanın cerrahi eksizyonudur. Basit eksizyon, marsüpiyalizasyon ve intraoral veya servikal yaklaşımla ranula ve sublingual gland eksizyonu gibi çeşitli cerrahi varyasyonlar bulunmaktadır. Bu tedavi seçeneklerine rağmen hastaların bir kısmında rekürrens görülmekte ve daha büyük lezyonlar ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Skleroterapi cerrahi önerilmeden önce primer tedavide kullanılabilecek potansiyel küratif bir tedavi prosedürüdür. Tedavisinde servikal yaklaşım ile sublingual gland ve plunging ranulanın total eksizyonu uygulanan bir olgu sunuldu

Evaluation of the pain of the patients who hospitalized in the neurosurgery clinic after lumbar disc hernia (LDH) surgery and determination of the nursing care satisfaction level

Çalışma Beyin Cerrahi Servisinde Lomber Disk Hernisi (LDH) Ameliyatı Sonrası Yatan Hastaların Ağrılarının Değerlendirilmesi ve Hemşirelik Bakımı Memnuniyet Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi amacıyla kesitsel olarak yapıldı. Çalışmanın evrenini Bingöl Devlet Hastanesi Beyin Cerrahi Servisinde Lomber Disk Hernisi (LDH) ameliyatı geçiren hastalar oluşturdu. Çalışmanın verileri Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Sayısal Ağrı Ölçeği, Newcastle Hemşirelik Bakımı Memnuniyet Ölçeği kullanılarak elde edildi. Araştırma verilerinin toplanmasında yüzyüze görüşme tekniği kullanıldı. İstatistiksel analizlerde Whitney U testi, Kruskal Wallis testi kullanıldı. İlişkileri belirlemek için Spearman korelasyon katsayısı analizi kullanıldı. Araştırmaya katılan hastaların yaş ortalaması 49.16±12.49 idi. Hastaların ameliyat sonrası ağrı ortalamalarının 2.66±1.69 olduğu saptandı. Newcastle hemşirelik bakımı memnuniyet düzeyinin "yüksek" olduğu saptandı. Sonuç olarak hastaların ameliyat sonrası ağrı seviyesinin düşük olduğu, hemşirelik bakımı memnuniyet düzeyinin yüksek olduğu saptandı. Lomber disk hernisi ameliyatı geçiren hastaların ameliyat sonrası dönemde yaşam konforunu arttırmak için uygun eğitimin verilmesi gerektiği önerilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler; lomber disk hernisi, hemşirelik bakımı, ağrı değerlendirilmesiThe study/research was conducted as a cross-sectional study in order to evaluate the pain of hospitalized patients in neurosurgery clinic after lumbar disc herniation (LDH) surgery and to determine the satisfaction level of nursing care. The universe of the study consisted of patients who underwent Lumbar Disc Hernia (LDH) surgery in Bingöl State Hospital Neurosurgery Service. The data of the study were obtained using Personal Information Form, Numerical Pain Scale and Newcastle Nursing Care Satisfaction Scale. Face-to-face interview technique was used to collect the research data. Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis test were used for statistical analysis. Spearman correlation coefficient analysis was used to determine the relationships. The mean age score of the patients participating in the study was 49.16±12.49 years. The postoperative pain mean score of the patients was found to be 2.66±1.69. It was determined that the Newcastle nursing care satisfaction level was "high". As a result, it was determined that the postoperative pain level of the patients was low and the satisfaction level of nursing care was high. It is recommended that appropriate training should be given to increase the comfort of life in the postoperative period of patients who have undergone lumbar disc herniation surgery. Keywords; lumbar disc herniation, nursing care, pain assessmen

Neue Anwendungen von amorphen Si3B3N7 Keramiken und eine neue Herstellungsmethode für kristalline Nitridosilikaten

High performance ceramics are key materials in our century in various high-tech applications. Among them, non-oxide ceramics have attracted particular attention due to their outstanding chemical, mechanical and thermal stability. Recently, various Si and N containing multinary non-oxide ceramics have been investigated. From these diverse systems, precursor derived amorphous Si/B/N/C ceramics show superior mechanical and thermal durability compared to their binary subsystems. The fact that makes these ceramics even more special is the preparation method based on the polymer route. In this route, a single source precursor molecule is polymerized by a suitable crosslinking agent yielding a polymer, which can be easily processed, e.g. via classical polymer processing techniques. The most prominent application of those preceramic polymers is producing the amorphous Si/B/N/C fibers, which are the only fibers that fulfill all the requirements as stated by the European turbine producers for energy and aerospace applications. Obviously, it is very challenging and urgent to find new single source precursors as well as new fields of application for amorphous Si/B/N/(C) ceramics. In this thesis, thus, amorphous Si3B3N7 ceramic has been applied as a host matrix for various rare-earth ions (Chapter 5) in order to be used as a new class of phosphor materials and for Fe, Co and Ni elements (Chapter 6) to obtain ferromagnetic materials. Furthermore, a monocyclic silaborazine-type single source precursor molecule has been synthesized for new amorphous Si/B/N/(C) ceramics (Chapter 8). Additionally, an open cell Si/B/N/C ceramic foam has been prepared (Chapter 9). Apart from the amorphous Si/B/N/(C) ceramics, M/Si/N systems, where M = alkaline, alkaline earth or rare earth elements, are also considered as an important class of materials, which are widely applied as host lattices for efficient phosphors. Out of them, M2Si5N8 and MSi7N10 materials, where M = Ca, Sr and Ba, are particularly interesting host lattices especially for Eu2+ and Ce3+ ions and have recently been studied extensively because of their exceptional photoluminescence properties. Different research groups in all over the world are struggling to find a reasonable synthesis method for the mass production of those kind of phosphors. In the present thesis, a novel production method based on the polymer route has been developed for the production of not only already known but also some new rare-earth doped M2Si5N8 and BaSi7N10 host lattices, where M = Ca and Sr (Chapter 7).Hochleistungskeramiken stellen heutzutage Schlüsselmaterialien in zahlreichen High-tech-Anwendungen dar, wobei vor allem die nicht-oxidischen Keramiken, aufgrund ihrer hervorragenden chemischen, mechanischen und thermischen Stabilität, besondere Aufmerksamkeit erlangt haben. In letzter Zeit wurden verstärkt Si und N enthaltende, multinäre nicht-oxidische Keramiken untersucht, von denen besonders die über Vorläufermoleküle erhaltenen, amorphen Si/B/N/C-Keramiken im Vergleich zu den entsprechenden binären Systemen, eine verbesserte mechanische und thermische Beständigkeit auf-weisen. Ein weiterer Punkt macht diese Art von keramischen Materialien sehr speziell, nämlich deren Synthese über eine Polymerroute. Bei diesem Verfahren wird ein Vorläufermolekül mit Hilfe eines geeigneten Vernetzungsreagenzes polymerisiert. Das entstandene Polymer lässt sich dann leicht über klassische Verarbeitungsschritte der Polymertechnik weiterverarbeiten. Die bekannteste Anwendung für derartige präkeramische Polymere ist die Herstellung von amorphen Si/B/N/C-Fasern. Diese Fasern erfüllen als einzige die, von europäischen Turbinenherstellern vorgegebenen Voraussetzungen für den Einsatz in der Kraftwerks- und Raumfahrttechnik. Die Entdeckung neuer Vorläufermoleküle, sowie die Erschließung neuer Anwendungsgebiete für amorphe Si/B/N/C-Keramiken stellt demnach eine dringende Herausforderung dar. Im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit wurde daher eine amorphe Si3B3N7-Keramik als Trägermaterial für verschiedene Seltenerdionen (Kapitel 5) zur Entwicklungen einer neuen Klasse von Leuchtstoffen, sowie durch Einbau von Elementen wie Fe, Co und Ni (Kapitel 6) zur Herstellung von ferromagnetischen Materialien eingesetzt. Außerdem wurde ein monozyklisches Silaborazinderivat als Vorläufermolekül für eine neuartige Si/B/N/(C) Keramik (Kapitel 8), sowie ein offenzellige Si/B/N/C-Schaumkeramik hergestellt (Kapitel 9). Neben den amorphen Si/B/N/C-Keramiken wurden auch M/Si/N-Systeme mit M = Alkali-, Erdalkali- oder Seltenerdmetall untersucht, die als Trägermaterial für effiziente Leuchtstoffe bereits weit verbreitete Verwendung finden. M2Si5N8 und MSi7N10 Systeme mit M = Ca, Sr, Ba sind dabei als Matrixmaterial, speziell für Eu2+ und Ce3+, besonders interessant und werden seit kurzem intensiv hinsichtlich ihrer außergewöhnlichen Photolumineszenz untersucht. Verschiedene Forschungsgruppen auf der ganzen Welt bemühen sich sehr intensiv um eine rationale Synthesemethode zur großtechnischen Herstellung dieser Art Leuchtstoffe. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde eine, auf der Polymerroute basierende, neue Synthesemethode entwickelt, die nicht nur zur Herstellung von bereits bekannten, sondern auch von neuartigen, mit Seltenerdionen dotierten M2Si5N8 (mit M = Ca und Sr) und BaSi7N10-Matrizen verwendet werden kann (Kapitel 7)

Analysıs Of Current Occupatıonal Accıdents Raw Data By Data Mınıng Process

İş kazaları neticesinde oluşan gerek maddi gerekse manevi kayıplar, sanayide meydana gelen üretim artışına bağlı olarak gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Bu durumu örneklendirmek gerekirse Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu tarafından yayınlanan İstatistik Yıllıklarına göre 2016 yılında 286.068 iş kazası olmuş, bu iş kazaları sonucunda 1.405 çalışan hayatını kaybetmiştir. Bir sonraki yıl olan 2017 yılında ise toplam 359.653 kişi iş kazasına uğramış ve bu kazalarda 1.633 çalışan hayatını kaybetmiştir. Bu nedenle iş sağlığı ve güvenliği kavramının hayatımızdaki önemi her geçen gün katlanarak artmaktadır. Bu durumda yapılması gereken, geçmiş tecrübelerden yararlanarak gelecekte meydana gelebilecek durumları öngörmeye çalışmak ve alınması gereken teknik tedbirleri doğru bir şekilde seçebilmektir. Fakat geçmiş tecrübelerden yararlanması aşamasında çok büyük boyutlardaki veriler arasından doğru ve işe yarar bilgileri tercih etmek her zaman mümkün olmamaktadır. Dolayısıyla, kullanılan veriler arasından önemli bilgilerin çıkarılması için analiz edilmesi kritik önem arz etmektedir. 2016 ve 2017 yılları arasında gerçekleşen iş kazalarına ilişkin veriler kullanılarak, iş kazalarının sebeplerinin tespitine yönelik güncel bir bakış sunan bu çalışmada, iş kazaları ciddi ve hafif kazalar olarak sınıflandırılarak sebepleri üzerinde çeşitli değişkenler sorgulanmış ve veri madenciliği yöntemleri ile analiz edilmiştir.As a result of the work accidents, both the material and spiritual losses are increasing day by day with the impact of the increasing in the industrial production. To illustrate this situation, according to the Statistical Annuals published by the Social Security Institution, 286.068 work accidents occurred in 2016 and 1.405 employees lost their lives in these work accidents. In the next year, 359.653 work accidents occurred in 2017 and 1.633 employees lost their lives in these work accidents. Therefore, the importance of the concept of occupational health and safety in our lives increases day by day. In this case, what should be done is to try to predict the future situations by taking advantage of past experiences and to choose the true technical measures to be taken. However, it is not always possible to choose the true and useful information from very large data in the stage of benefiting from past experiences. Therefore, it is critical to analyze the data to extract important information from the big data. This paper presents a current overview of the causes of occupational accidents using data on occupational accidents which occurred in between 2016 and 2017. The occupational accidents which was classified as serious or light accidents were questioned and analyzed by the data mining methods