Results of bronchoscopic excision in typical carcinoid tumors of the lung in Turkey

Aim Carcinoid tumors of the lung are the tumors originating from the neuroendocrine cells. Surgical excision remains the gold standard for the treatment. Treatment with interventional bronchoscopic excision has also been reported as an alternative option in typical carcinoid tumors of the lung. The aim of this study was to present results and outcomes in patients who were bronchoscopically treated and followed-up. Methods Data of 14 patients, who had undergone bronchoscopic excision due to typical carcinoid tumor of the lung between April 2008 and July 2015 were retrospectively evaluated. Bronchoscopic excision procedures were performed under general anesthesia, while control bronchoscopies were carried out with flexible bronchoscopy. Time between the first and last bronchoscopies was accepted as the follow-up duration. Results A total of 14 patients was evaluated with eight (57.1%) males. Mean age was 43.57±14.07 (23-68) years. The most common symptoms were shortness of breath and coughing. Mean of 5.69±3.35 (2-12) bronchoscopy procedures were performed in the patients during the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Mean follow-up duration was 32.0±19.22 months. At the long-term follow-up, two patients developed 50% stenosis and one patient developed granulation tissue in the endobronchial treatment site. None of the patients developed recurrence during the mean 32-month follow-up. Conclusion Endobronchial treatment is a safe and successful treatment method in well selected typical carcinoid tumor cases that are centrally located, having no radiological suspicion of local or distant metastasis, distally visible but not located on the bronchi with a wide base on bronchoscopy

Conventional method and ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration techniques in the diagnosis of intrathoracic lymphadenopathies

Conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is one of the minimally invasive methods used for the diagnosis of intrathoracic lymphadenopathies, which is an effective, safe and cheap bronchoscopic technique. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guided TBNA is one of the most important advances in pneumology in recent years and has extended the diagnostic spectrum of bronchoscopic techniques. Today there are two different types of ultrasound probes for use with EBUS: radial and convex. The most important advantage of convex probe EBUS is that it allows real-time imaging while sample taken. To increase the diagnostic success, expansion of both conventional and ultrasound guided TBNA applications may reduce the need for invasive surgical procedures

1s and 2s State of Electron Confined to Ga1-xAlxAs / AlAs Based Quantum Wells : Numerical Calculations"

Bu çalışmada, Ga1-xAlxAs / GaAs malzemeleri ile oluşturulan kuantum kuyuları ele alınmıştır. Bu tür kuyulara hapsedilen bir elektronun, taban durum ve uyarılmış durum dalga fonksiyonları ile enerjileri hesaplanmıştır. Ele alınan malzeme ile oluşturulan kuantum kuyularına düzgün dış elektrik alan uygulanmış ve daha sonra yabancı atomun(safsızlık) ve hidrostatik basıncın etkisine bakılmıştır. Etkin kütle yaklaşımı göz önüne alınmış ve varyasyon yöntemi kullanılarak yaklaşık çözümler yapılmıştır. Literatür taraması yapıldıktan ve gerekli bilgiler elde edildikten sonra Fortran dilinde yazdığımız programlarla nümerik hesaplamalar yapılmış ve grafikler çizilmiştir. Hesaplamalar için yazılan Fortran programları da tezde sunulmuştur. Sonuç tartışma bölümünde, bulunan sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir. Kuantum kuyularında hapsedilen bir elektronun enerjilerine, dış elektrik alanın, yabancı atomun konumunun ve hidrostatik basıncın etkisi gözlemlenmiştir.In this study, quantum wells created with Ga1-xAlxAs / GaAs materials are discussed. The energies of an electron imprisoned in such wells are calculated with ground state and excited state wave functions. A uniform external electric field was applied to the quantum wells formed with the material under consideration and then the effect of the impurity atom and hydrostatic pressure was investigated. The effective mass approach has been taken into consideration and approximate solutions have been made using the variation method. Numerical calculations were made and graphics were drawn with the programs we wrote in Fortran after literature review and necessary information were obtained. Fortran programs written for calculations are also presented in the thesis. In the conclusion discussion section, the results found are evaluated. The effects of external electric field, impurity atom position and hydrostatic pressure on the energies of an electron trapped in quantum wells have been observed

The results of a questionnaire on smoking in high school teachers of Eyüp district in İstanbul

Bu çalışma ile en etkin meslek gruplarından biri olan öğretmenlerin sigara içme oranları, sigaraya karşı tutumları, sigara ile ilişkili hastalıklar ve sigara içiminin kontrolünde yasal önlemler konusundaki düşüncelerinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Bu doğrultuda İstanbul Eyüp ilçesindeki 350 lise öğretmenine anket uygulandı ( %64 erkek, %36 kadın, yaş ortalaması 33.8 8.8 yıl). Öğretmenlerin 160 (%45.7)’ının sigara içtiği saptandı. Kadınlarda sigara içme sıklığı (%50) erkeklere göre (%43.3) daha fazla idi. Sözel branş öğretmenlerinde sigara içme oranı yüksek (%57), yabancı dil öğretmenlerinde ise düşük (%24) bulundu. Sigara içmeye başlama nedenleri arasında en sık neden, özenti ve merak (%36.1) idi. Öğretmenlerin %50.3’ü sigara içmeye 14-22 yaşları arasında başlamıştı. Alışkanlık (%50.3) halen sigara içme nedenleri arasında ilk sırada idi. Sigara içen öğretmenlerin %68’i sigarayı bırakmayı düşünüyordu. Sigara içimini bırakmayı düşünme nedenleri arasında sağlığı korumak (%76.4) ilk sırayı alıyordu. Çalışma grubu sigara ile ilişkili hastalıklar konusunda genel olarak bilgi sahibi idi. Ancak mesane kanseri ve ölü doğum konusunda bilgi oranları düşüktü. Sigara ile ilgili yasal önlemler, sigara bağımlılığı ve sigaraya karşı eğitim konusundaki düşüncelerde içen ve içmeyenler arasında belirgin farklılıklar vardı. Sonuç olarak; sigara içimini önleme ve bıraktırma çalışmalarının bir aşaması olarak öncelikle sigara içmeye başlanmasında en duyarlı ve riskli dönemde olan orta-lise öğrencilerinin eğitimini yapan öğretmenlerin sigaranın zararları, sigara bağımlılığı ve bıraktırmada izlenecek yöntemler konusunda eğitilmeleri ve bilgilendirilmeleri gerektiği görüşündeyiz.This study is aimed to investigate the rate of smoking, reactions against it, the knowledge about smoking-related disorders, and legal restrictions against smoking in teachers who are among the very active professions. A questionnaire was applied to 350 high school teachers in Eyup district of Istanbul (male 64%, female 36%, mean age 33.8 ± 8.8 years). One hundred sixty (45.7%) of them were found to be smokers. Smoking rate was higher in females (50%) than males (43.3%). Smoking rate was higher in teachers of verbal branches (57%) and lower in those of foreign languages (24%). The leading causes of beginning to smoke were affectation and curiosity (36.1%). 50.3% began to smoke when they were 14-22 years-old. Being accustomed is the main (50.3%) reason to continue smoking currently. Sixty eight percent of the teachers who were active smokers were planning to stop smoking. The main reason to plan stopping (76.4%) was considering health. The study group had an acceptable level of knowledge about smoking-related disorders. However, those about urinary bladder cancer and missed abortion were insufficient. The thoughts about legal restrictions against smoking, smoking dependence, and education against smoking were significantly different between smokers and non-smokers. In conclusion; as an important step in stopping and preventing smoking, high school teachers who educate the people most vulnerable to begin smoking should be educated and informed about the hazards of smoking, smoking dependence and the ways to stop it

Candida glabrata pneumonia in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

WOS: 000388039000001Pneumonia remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among infectious diseases. Streptococcus pneumoniae and viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia. Candidiasis in such patients has been associated with haemodialysis, fungal colonization, exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics, intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalization, and immunocompromised patients. The most common cause of infection is C. albicans. The case presented here is of a 66-year-old male patient diagnosed with C. glabrata. The patient suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease